PHYSICS-XI CHEMISTRY-XI MATHEMATICS-XI BIOLOGY-XI
PHYSICS-XII CHEMISTRY-XII MATHEMATICS-XII BIOLOGY-XII

PHYSICS-XI

UNIT I: Physical World and Measurement

• Physics: Scope and excitement;
• nature of physical laws;
• physics, technology, and society.
• Units and measurements
• Need for measurement;
• units of measurement
• system of units
• SI units
• fundamental and derived units
• Dimensions of physical quantities
• Dimensional analysis and its applications

UNIT II: Kinematics

• Motion in a straight line
• Position-time graph
• speed and velocity
• Uniform and non-uniform motion
• average speed and instantaneous velocity
• uniformly accelerated motion
• velocity-time
• position-time graphs.

UNIT III: Laws of Motion

• Force and inertia
• Newton’s first law of motion
• momentum, impulse
• Newton’s second law of motion
• varying mass and force,
• third law of motion
• Conservation of momentum,
• applications of Newton’s laws of motion.

UNIT IV: Work, Energy, and Power

• Work done by a constant force and a variable force
• kinetic energy,
• work-energy theorem
• power
• Notions of work and energy;
• the kinetic and potential energy
• gravitational potential energy
• elastic potential energy of a spring.

UNIT V: Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body

• Centre of mass of a two-particle system
• momentum conservation and centre of mass motion
• Moment of a force
• torque
• angular momentum
• conservation of angular momentum with some examples.

UNIT VI: Gravitation

• Kepler’s laws of planetary motion,
• universal law of gravitation.
• Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth

UNIT VII: Properties of Bulk Matter

• Elastic behavior,
• stress-strain relationship
• Hooke’s law
• Young’s modulus
• bulk modulus
• and shear modulus of rigidity
• Poisson’s ratio,
• elastic energy.
• Thermal properties of matter:
• thermal expansion of solids,
• liquids,
• and gases and their specific heats,
• relation between Cp and Cv for gases,
• first law of thermodynamics.

UNIT VIII: Thermodynamics

• Thermal equilibrium
• definition of temperature (zeroth law of thermodynamics).
• Heat,
• work and internal energy,
• first law of thermodynamics.

UNIT IX: Behaviour of Perfect Gas and Kinetic Theory

• Equation of state of a perfect gas
• work done on compressing a gas
• Kinetic theory of gases: Assumptions,
• concept of pressure,
• kinetic energy,
• and temperature;
• rms speed of gas molecules;
• degrees of freedom
• law of equipartition of energy (statement only)
• application to specific heat capacities of gases;
• concept of mean free path
• Avogadro’s number

UNIT X: Oscillations and Waves

• Periodic motion: Period
• frequency
• displacement as a function of time
• Simple harmonic motion (SHM) and its equation
• phase;
• oscillations of a spring-restoring force and force constant;
• energy in SHM - kinetic and potential energies
• simple pendulum - derivation of expression for its time period
• free, forced, and damped oscillations, resonance.

PHYSICS-XII

UNIT I: Electrostatics

• Electric charges and their conservation
• electric dipole
• electric field lines,
• electric flux
• Gauss’s law
• its applications to find the field due to infinitely long straight wire uniformly charged infinite plane sheet
• uniformly charged thin spherical shell

UNIT II: Current Electricity

• Electric current
• flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor,
• drift velocity
• mobility,
• and their relation with electric current;
• Ohm’s law
• electrical resistance
• V-I Characteristics (linear and non-linear),
• electrical energy and power
• electrical resistivity and conductivity
• temperature dependence,
• internal resistance
• of a cell,
• potential difference and emf of a cell
• combinations of cells in series and in parallel.

UNIT III: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

• Concept of magnetic field,
• Oersted’s experiment,
• Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop
• Ampere’s law
• its applications to infinitely long straight wire,
• straight and toroidal solenoids,
• force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields

UNIT IV: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents

• Electromagnetic induction, Faraday’s laws
• Lenz’s law
• induced emf and current
• Eddy currents
• self and mutual inductance
• alternating currents
• peak and rms value of alternating current/voltage,
• reactance and impedance,
• LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only),
• LCR series circuit
• resonance,
• power in AC circuits
• wattless current.

UNIT V: Electromagnetic Waves

• Displacement current
• Maxwell’s equations,
• electromagnetic waves and their characteristics (qualitative ideas only),
• Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves

UNIT VI: Optics

• Reflection of light
• spherical mirrors
• refraction of light,
• total internal reflection,
• dispersion of light,
• optical instruments,
• the human eye,
• defects of vision and their correction,
• microscopes,
• and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers.

UNIT VII: Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation

• Photoelectric Effect
• Hertz and Lenard’s observations,
• Einstein’s photoelectric equation-particle nature of light.

UNIT VIII: Atoms and Nuclei

• Alpha-particle scattering experiment
• Rutherford’s model of the atom
• Bohr model
• energy levels,
• hydrogen spectrum.
• Composition and size of the nucleus,
• atomic masses
• isotopes,
• isobars;
• isotones.

UNIT IX: Electronic Devices

• Semiconductor materials
• p-n junction diode
• diode as a rectifier
• I-V Characteristics of diode
• Zener diode as a voltage regulator,
• junction transistor,
• transistor action,
• Characteristics of a transistor,
• transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration),
• transistor as a switch,
• logic gates (OR,
• AND,
• NOT,
• NAND,
• and NOR),
• Zener diode as a voltage regulator.

CHEMISTRY-XI

UNIT I: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

• Importance of Chemistry,
• Nature of Matter,
• Laws of Chemical Combination,
• Dalton’s Atomic Theory
• Concept of elements,
• atoms,
• and molecules.
• Atomic and molecular masses,
• mole concept and molar mass;
• percentage composition,
• empirical and molecular formulas;
• chemical reactions,
• stoichiometry and calculations based on stoichiometry.

UNIT II: Structure of Atom

• Discovery of Electron,
• Proton,
• and Neutron;
• Atomic number,
• isotopes,
• and isobars.
• Thomson’s model and its limitations,
• Rutherford’s model and its limitations,
• Bohr’s model and its limitations
• concept of shells and subshells,
• dual nature of matter
• light,
• de Broglie’s relationship
• Heisenberg uncertainty principle
• concept of orbitals,
• quantum numbers,
• shapes of s,
• p,
• and d orbitals,
• rules for filling electrons in orbitals - Aufbau principle
• Pauli’s exclusion principle and Hund’s rule
• electronic configuration of atoms,
• stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals.

UNIT III: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

• Modern periodic law and the present form of the periodic table,
• periodic trends in properties of elements - atomic radii,
• ionic radii,
• inert gas radii,
• ionization enthalpy
• electron gain enthalpy
• electronegativity,
• Valence.

UNIT IV: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

• Valence electrons,
• ionic bond
• covalent bond
• bond parameters,
• Lewis structure,
• polar character of covalent bond,
• covalent character of ionic bond,
• Valence bond theory,
• resonance,
• geometry of covalent molecules,
• VSEPR theory
• concept of hybridization involving s,
• p,
• and d orbitals and shapes of some simple molecules,
• molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules (qualitative idea only).

UNIT V: States of Matter: Gases and Liquids

• Three states of matter,
• intermolecular interactions,
• types of bonding,
• melting and boiling points,
• role of gas laws in elucidating the concept of the molecule,
• Boyle’s Law,
• Charles Law,
• Gay-Lussac’s Law,
• Avogadro’s Law,
• ideal behaviour,
• empirical derivation of gas equation,
• Avogadro’s number,
• ideal gas equation.

UNIT VI: Thermodynamics

• Concept of system and surroundings,
• surroundings,
• work and heat,
• first law of thermodynamics - internal energy and enthalpy
• heat capacity
• specific heat,
• measurement of DeltaU and DeltaH,
• Hess’s Law of constant heat summation,
• enthalpy
• of bond dissociation,
• combustion,
• formation,
• atomization
• sublimation
• phase transition
• ionization,
• and dilution.

UNIT VII: Equilibrium

• Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes,
• dynamic nature of equilibrium,
• law of mass action,
• equilibrium constant,
• factors affecting equilibrium,
• Le Chatelier’s principle
• ionic equilibrium: ionization of acids and bases,
• strong and weak electrolytes,
• degree of ionization,
• ionization of polybasic acids,
• acid strength,
• concept of pH,
• buffer solution,
• solubility product,
• common ion effect (with illustrative examples).

UNIT VIII: Redox Reactions

• Concept of oxidation and reduction,
• redox reactions
• oxidation number
• balancing redox reactions
• in terms of loss and gain of electrons,
• applications of redox reactions

UNIT IX: Hydrogen

• Position of hydrogen in the periodic table,
• occurrence,
• isotopes,
• preparation,
• properties,
• and uses of hydrogen.
• Physical and chemical properties of water and heavy water,
• hydrogen peroxide - preparation,
• reactions,
• and structure and use.

UNIT X: s-Block Element (Alkali and Alkaline earth metals)

• Group 1 and Group 2 elements: General introduction,
• electronic configuration,
• occurrence,
• anomalous properties of the first element of each group,
• diagonal relationship,
• trends in the variation of properties (such as atomic size,
• ionization enthalpy
• and alkalinity of oxides).

UNIT XI: Some p-Block Elements

• General introduction to p-Block elements: Group 13 elements: General introduction,
• electronic configuration,
• occurrence,
• variation of properties,
• oxidation states,
• trends in chemical reactivity
• anomalous properties of first element of the group;
• Boron - physical and chemical properties,
• some important compounds: borax,
• boric acid,
• boron hydrides. Aluminium: Reactions with acids and alkalis,
• uses.

UNIT XII: Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques

• General introduction,
• methods of purification,
• qualitative and quantitative analysis,
• classification and IUPAC nomenclature
• of organic compounds.
• Electronic displacements in a covalent bond: Inductive effect,
• electromeric effect,
• resonance and hyperconjugation.
• Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: Free radicals,
• carbocations,
• carbanions;
• electrophiles and nucleophiles,
• types of organic reactions.

UNIT XIII: Hydrocarbons

• Classification of hydrocarbons,
• alkanes - nomenclature,
• isomerism
• conformation (ethane only),
• physical properties,
• chemical reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenation,
• combustion,
• preparation of alkanes (from unsaturated hydrocarbons) and Wurtz reaction.
• Alkenes - nomenclature,
• structure of double bond (ethene),
• geometrical isomerism,
• physical properties,
• methods of preparation: from alcohols,
• from alkynes,
• chemical reactions: addition of hydrogen,
• halogen,
• water,
• hydrogen halides (Markovnikov’s addition and peroxide effect),
• ozonolysis,
• oxidation,
• mechanism of electrophilic addition.
• Alkynes - nomenclature,
• structure of triple bond (ethyne),
• physical properties,
• methods of preparation: from calcium carbide,
• from vicinal dihalides,
• from alkynes,
• chemical reactions: acidic character of alkynes,
• addition reaction of - hydrogen,
• halogen,
• water and hydrogen halides,
• polymerization.

UNIT XIV: Environmental Chemistry

• Environmental pollution: Air,
• water and soil pollution,
• chemical reactions in atmosphere,
• smog,
• major atmospheric pollutants,
• acid rain,
• ozone and its reactions,
• effects of depletion of ozone layer,
• greenhouse effect and global warming - pollution due to industrial wastes,
• green chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution,
• strategies for controlling environmental pollution.

CHEMISTRY-XII

UNIT I: Solid State

• Classification of solids based on different binding forces: molecular,
• ionic,
• covalent,
• and metallic solids,
• amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea),
• unit cell in two-dimensional and three-dimensional lattices,
• calculation of the number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell,
• packing in solids,
• voids,
• number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell.

UNIT II: Solutions

• Types of solutions,
• expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids,
• solubility of gases in liquids,
• solid solutions,
• colligative properties - relative lowering of vapour pressure
• Raoult’s law
• elevation of boiling point,
• depression of freezing point,
• osmotic pressure
• determination of molecular masses using colligative properties
• abnormal molecular mass

UNIT III: Electrochemistry

• Electrochemical cells
• Galvanic
• and electrolytic cells
• different types of electrodes
• electrode potentials including standard electrode potential
• half-cell and cell reactions
• emf of a galvanic cell and its measurement
• Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells,
• Relation between Gibbs energy change and emf of a cell,
• fuel cells
• corrosion.

UNIT IV: Chemical Kinetics

• Rate of a reaction (average and instantaneous)
• factors affecting rates of reaction
• concentration,
• temperature,
• catalyst;
• order and molecularity of a reaction,
• rate law
• and rate constant
• integrated rate equations and half-life (only for zero and first order reactions),
• concept of collision theory (elementary idea,
• no mathematical treatment).

UNIT V: Surface Chemistry

• Adsorption - physisorption and chemisorption,
• factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids,
• catalysis,
• homogenous and heterogeneous activity and selectivity;
• enzyme catalysis,
• colloidal state: distinction between true solutions,
• colloids,
• and suspensions;
• lyophilic,
• lyophobic,
• multi molecular,
• and macromolecular colloids;
• properties of colloids;
• Tyndall effect,
• Brownian movement,
• electrophoresis,
• coagulation.

UNIT VI: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

• Principles and methods of extraction - concentration,
• oxidation,
• reduction,
• electrolytic method,
• and refining;
• occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminum,
• copper,
• zinc,
• and iron.

UNIT VII: p-Block Elements

• Group 15 elements: General introduction,
• electronic configuration,
• occurrence,
• oxidation states,
• trends in physical and chemical properties,
• nitrogen,
• preparation,
• properties,
• and uses of nitrogen and its compounds.
• Phosphorous: Allotropes,
• compounds of phosphorus: Preparation and properties of phosphine,
• halides (PCl3, PCl5),
• and oxo acids (elementary idea only).

UNIT VIII: d and f Block Elements

• General introduction
• electronic configuration
• occurrence
• and Characteristics of transition metals,
• general trends in properties of the first row transition metals - metallic character,
• ionization enthalpy,
• oxidation states,
• ionic radii,
• colour
• catalytic property,
• magnetic properties
• interstitial compounds,
• alloy formation.
• Preparation and properties of $KMnO_4$ and $K_2Cr_2O_7$

UNIT IX: Coordination Compounds

• Coordination compounds: Introduction,
• ligands
• Coordination Number
• colour,
• magnetic properties,
• and shapes,
• IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds
• bonding,
• Werner’s theory
• VBT,
• and CFT,
• isomerism,
• and coordination compounds (geometrical and optical) importance.

UNIT X: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

• Haloalkanes: Nomenclature
• nature of C-X bond
• physical and chemical properties,
• mechanism of substitution reactions.
• Haloarenes:
• Nature of C-X bond
• substitution reactions (Directive influence of halogen for monosubstituted compounds only).

UNIT XI: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers

• Alcohols
• Nomenclature,
• methods of preparation
• physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only),
• identification of primary,
• secondary and tertiary alcohols,
• mechanism of dehydration,
• uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol.
• Phenols
• Nomenclature,
• methods of preparation
• physical and chemical properties,
• acidic nature of phenol,
• electrophilic substitution reactions,
• uses of phenols
• Ethers
• Nomenclature,
• methods of preparation
• physical and chemical properties,
• uses

UNIT XII: Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids

• Aldehyde and Ketones
• Nomenclature,
• nature of carbonyl group
• methods of preparation,
• physical and chemical properties (of aldehydes and ketones only),
• mechanism of nucleophilic addition,
• reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes,
• uses.
• Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature,
• acidic nature,
• methods of preparation,
• physical and chemical properties,
• uses.

UNIT XIII: Organic Compounds containing Nitrogen

• Amines: Nomenclature
• Classification,
• structure,
• methods of preparation,
• physical and chemical properties,
• uses,
• identification of primary,
• secondary,
• and tertiary amines.
• Cyanides and Isocyanides - preparation,
• chemical reactions,
• and importance in synthesis.

UNIT XIV: Biomolecules

• Carbohydrates - Classification (aldoses and ketoses),
• monosaccharides (glucose and fructose),
• oligosaccharides (sucrose,
• lactose,
• maltose),
• polysaccharides (starch,
• cellulose,
• glycogen),
• importance of carbohydrates.
• Proteins - Elementary idea of alpha-amino acids,
• peptide bond, polypeptides
• proteins,
• primary structure,
• secondary structure,
• tertiary structure,
• and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only),
• denaturation of proteins;
• enzymes
• Vitamins - Classification and functions
• of vitamins,
• nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
• the structure of nucleic acids.

UNIT XV: Polymers

• Classification - natural and synthetic,
• methods of polymerization (addition and condensation),
• copolymerization,
• some important polymers: natural and synthetic like polythene,
• nylon,
• polyesters,
• and bakelite,
• rubber.

UNIT XVI: Chemistry in Everyday Life

• Chemicals in medicines - analgesics,
• tranquilizers,
• antiseptics,
• disinfectants,
• antimicrobials,
• antifertility drugs,
• antibiotics,
• and antacids.
• Chemicals in food - preservatives,
• artificial sweetening agents,
• elementary idea of antioxidants.
• Cleansing agents - soaps and detergents,
• cleansing action.

MATHEMATICS-XI

UNIT I: Sets and Functions

• Sets and their representations
• union
• intersection
• and complement of sets
• and their algebraic properties
• relations
• functions
• domain,
• and range,
• the sum,
• difference,
• product,
• and quotients of functions.

UNIT II: Algebra

• Matrices
• determinants
• the addition and multiplication of matrices
• the adjoint
• inverse of a matrix,
• the solution of linear equations (in three unknowns) using inverse of a matrix.

UNIT III: Coordinate Geometry

• Straight lines in two dimensions,
• slopes of a line,
• parallel and perpendicular lines
• distance formula
• area of a triangle,
• conditions for the similarity of triangles,
• coordinate geometry.

UNIT IV: Calculus

• Limits
• derivatives of a function,
• the continuity of a function,
• the derivative of a composite function,
• the derivative of a function,
• the method of differentiation,
• chain rule,
• derivative of implicit functions
• and logarithmic differentiation.

UNIT V: Mathematical Reasoning

• Meaning and types of the reasoning,
• the compound statement,
• statement,
• and logical operations and, or, not,
• conditional statements,
• the converse and contra positive of implication,
• proving a statement by contradiction.

UNIT VI: Statistics and Probability

• Measure of dispersion,
• the range,
• mean deviation,
• variance,
• and standard deviation of ungrouped/grouped data,
• correlation coefficient.

MATHEMATICS-XII

UNIT I: Relations and Functions

• Relations and
• Functions
• Domain,
• and Range of Real-Valued Functions,
• and their graphs,
• the algebra of functions.

UNIT II: Algebra

• Algebra:
• Matrices
• determinants
• and their properties.
• Inverse of a matrix,
• system of linear equations,
• linear dependence,
• independence,
• consistency,
• and inconsistency.

UNIT III: Coordinate Geometry

• Straight lines,
• Circles,
• Conic sections - parabola,
• ellipse,
• and hyperbola.

UNIT IV: Calculus

• Limits
• derivatives of a function,
• continuity and differentiability
• derivatives of composite functions,
• chain rule,
• derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions
• the derivative of implicit functions
• and logarithmic differentiation.

UNIT V: Vectors and Three-dimensional Geometry

• Vectors and scalars,
• addition of vectors,
• components of a vector in two dimensions and three-dimensional space,
• scalar and vector products,
• scalar and vector triple products,
• and their geometrical applications.

UNIT VI: Linear Programming

• Linear programming: Introduction,
• Mathematical formulation of the problem,
• and simplex method.

UNIT VII: Probability

• Probability: Conditional probability,
• multiplication theorem on probability,
• independent events,
• total probability,
• Bayes’ theorem

BIOLOGY-XI

UNIT I: Diversity in Living World

• Taxonomy and systematics,
• concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy,
• binomial nomenclature,
• tools for study of taxonomy-museums,
• zoological parks,
• herbaria,
• botanical gardens.

UNIT II: Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants

• Animal tissues
• the human digestive system,
• the respiratory system in humans
• and the circulatory system in humans

UNIT III: Cell Structure and Function

• Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life
• the structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell

UNIT IV: Plant Physiology

• Transport in plants,
• mineral nutrition,
• Photosynthesis in Higher Plants,
• Respiration in Plants,
• plant growth,
• and development.

UNIT V: Human Physiology

• Digestion and absorption,
• breathing and exchange of gases,
• body fluids and circulation
• excretory products and elimination,
• locomotion and movement,
• neural control and coordination.

BIOLOGY-XII

UNIT I: Reproduction in Organisms

• Asexual and sexual reproduction,
• pre-fertilization,
• and post-fertilization events.

UNIT II: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

• Flower structure
• development of male and female gametophytes
• pollination,
• fertilization,
• and development of the embryo.

UNIT III: Human Reproduction

• Male and female reproductive systems
• menstrual cycle
• gametogenesis,
• fertilization,
• implantation
• embryo development,
• pregnancy,
• parturition,
• and lactation.

UNIT IV: Reproductive Health

• Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases,
• infertility,
• and assisted reproductive technologies.

UNIT V: Principles of Inheritance and Variation

• Mendelian inheritance
• deviations from Mendelian inheritance
• incomplete dominance
• co-dominance
• multiple alleles
• inheritance of blood groups
• sex determination,
• linkage,
• and crossing over.

UNIT VI: Molecular Basis of Inheritance

• DNA as genetic material
• structure of DNA
• RNA
• DNA packaging
• DNA replication
• central dogma
• transcription
• genetic code
• translation
• regulation of gene expression.

UNIT VII: Evolution

• Origin of life,
• evidence of evolution,
• theories of evolution (Darwinism and modern synthetic theory of evolution),
• adaptive radiation
• speciation.

UNIT VIII: Human Health and Disease

• Common human diseases (infectious and non-infectious),
• immunity,
• vaccines
• cancer
• and AIDS.

UNIT IX: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production

• Plant breeding,
• tissue culture,
• single-cell protein,
• biofortification,
• apiculture,
• pisciculture,
• and animal husbandry.

UNIT X: Microbes in Human Welfare

• Microbes in household products,
• industrial products,
• sewage treatment
• biogas production,
• microbes as biocontrol agents,
• microbes as biofertilizers.

UNIT XI: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

• Genetic engineering (recombinant DNA technology)
• genomics,
• DNA fingerprinting,
• biotechnology in health and agriculture
• ethical issues.

UNIT XII: Organisms and Populations

• Organism and its environment,
• population attributes,
• growth,
• and regulation of population.

UNIT XIII: Ecosystem

• Ecosystems: structure and function,
• energy flow,
• nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorous),
• ecological succession.

UNIT XIV: Biodiversity and Conservation

• Biodiversity
• Concept,
• patterns,
• importance,
• loss of biodiversity
• biodiversity conservation,
• hotspots
• endangered organisms
• extinction
• Red Data Book
• biosphere reserves
• national parks,
• sanctuaries.

UNIT XV: Environmental Issues

• Air pollution and its control,
• water pollution and its control,
• solid waste management,
• agrochemicals and their effects,
• radioactive waste management,
• greenhouse effect and global warming,
• ozone depletion,
• deforestation,
• sustainable development.