PHYSICS-XI CHEMISTRY-XI MATHEMATICS-XI BIOLOGY-XI
PHYSICS-XII CHEMISTRY-XII MATHEMATICS-XII BIOLOGY-XII

PHYSICS-XI

UNIT I: Physical World and Measurement

• Physics: Scope and excitement;
• nature of physical laws;
• physics, technology, and society.
• Units and measurements
• Need for measurement;
• units of measurement
• system of units
• SI units
• fundamental and derived units
• Dimensions of physical quantities
• Dimensional analysis and its applications

UNIT II: Kinematics

• Motion in a straight line
• Position-time graph
• speed and velocity
• Uniform and non-uniform motion
• average speed and instantaneous velocity
• uniformly accelerated motion
• velocity-time
• position-time graphs

UNIT III: Laws of Motion

• Force and inertia
• Newton’s first law of motion
• momentum, impulse
• Newton’s second law of motion
• varying mass and force,
• third law of motion
• Conservation of momentum,
• applications of Newton’s laws of motion.

UNIT IV: Work, Energy, and Power

• Work done by a constant force and a variable force;
• kinetic energy,
• work-energy theorem
• power
• Notions of work and energy;
• the kinetic and potential energy
• gravitational potential energy
• elastic potential energy of a spring.

UNIT V: Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body

• Centre of mass of a two-particle system
• momentum conservation and centre of mass motion
• Moment of a force
• torque
• angular momentum
• conservation of angular momentum with some examples.

UNIT VI: Gravitation

• Kepler’s laws of planetary motion
• universal law of gravitation
• Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth

UNIT VII: Properties of Bulk Matter

• Elastic behavior,
• stress-strain relationship
• Hooke’s law
• Young’s modulus
• bulk modulus
• and shear modulus of rigidity
• Poisson’s ratio,
• elastic energy.
• Thermal properties of matter:
• thermal expansion of solids
• liquids,
• and gases and their specific heats,
• relation between Cp and Cv for gases,
• first law of thermodynamics.

UNIT VIII: Thermodynamics

• Thermal equilibrium
• definition of temperature (zeroth law of thermodynamics).
• Heat,
• work and internal energy,
• first law of thermodynamics.

UNIT IX: Behaviour of Perfect Gas and Kinetic Theory

• Equation of state of a perfect gas
• work done on compressing a gas
• Kinetic theory of gases: Assumptions,
• concept of pressure,
• kinetic energy,
• and temperature;
• rms speed of gas molecules;
• degrees of freedom
• law of equipartition of energy (statement only) and application to specific heat capacities of gases;
• concept of mean free path
• Avogadro’s number

UNIT X: Oscillations and Waves

• Periodic motion: Period
• frequency
• displacement as a function of time
• Simple harmonic motion (SHM) and its equation
• phase;
• oscillations of a spring-restoring force and force constant;
• energy in SHM - kinetic and potential energies
• simple pendulum - derivation of expression for its time period
• free,
• forced,
• and damped oscillations,
• resonance.

PHYSICS-XII

UNIT I: Electrostatics

• Electric charges and their conservation
• electric field lines,
• electric dipole
• Gauss’s law
• its applications.

UNIT II: Current Electricity

• Electric current
• Ohm’s law
• electrical resistance
• electrical energy and power
• Kirchhoff’s laws
• Wheatstone bridge
• Potentiometer,
• Thermoelectricity.

UNIT III: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

• Biot-Savart law,
• Ampère’s law,
• electromagnetic induction
• Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction
• Lenz’s law
• self and mutual induction.

UNIT IV: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents

• Alternating currents
• peak and rms value of alternating current/voltage,
• reactance and impedance,
• LCR series circuit
• resonance.

UNIT V: Electromagnetic Waves

• Displacement current
• Maxwell’s equations,
• electromagnetic waves.

UNIT VI: Optics

• Reflection and refraction of light,
• total internal reflection,
• optical instruments,
• Wave Optics
• interference
• diffraction.

UNIT VII: Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation

• Photoelectric Effect
• matter waves.

UNIT VIII: Atoms and Nuclei

• Atomic structure,
• radioactive decay,
• nuclear reactions,
• nuclear energy.

UNIT IX: Electronic Devices

• Semiconductors
• p-n junction,
• diodes,
• transistors,
• logic gates,
• communication systems.

CHEMISTRY-XI

UNIT I: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

• Importance of Chemistry,
• Nature of Matter,
• Laws of Chemical Combination,
• Dalton’s Atomic Theory
• Concept of elements,
• atoms,
• and molecules.
• Atomic and molecular masses,
• mole concept and molar mass;
• percentage composition,
• empirical and molecular formulas;
• chemical reactions,
• stoichiometry and calculations based on stoichiometry.

UNIT II: Structure of Atom

• Discovery of Electron,
• Proton,
• and Neutron;
• Atomic number,
• isotopes,
• and isobars.
• Thomson’s model and its limitations,
• Rutherford’s model and its limitations,
• Bohr’s model
• concept of shells and subshells,
• dual nature of matter
• light,
• de Broglie’s relationship
• Heisenberg uncertainty principle
• concept of orbitals,
• quantum numbers,
• shapes of s,
• p,
• and d orbitals,
• rules for filling electrons in orbitals - Aufbau principle
• Pauli’s exclusion principle and Hund’s rule
• electronic configuration of atoms,
• stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals.

UNIT III: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

• Modern periodic law and the present form of the periodic table,
• periodic trends in properties of elements - atomic radii,
• ionic radii,
• ionization enthalpy
• electron gain enthalpy
• electronegativity,
• Valence.

UNIT IV: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

• Valence electrons,
• ionic bond
• covalent bond
• bond parameters,
• Lewis structure,
• polar character of covalent bond,
• covalent character of ionic bond,
• Valence bond theory,
• resonance,
• geometry of covalent molecules,
• VSEPR theory
• concept of hybridization involving s,
• p,
• and d orbitals and shapes of some simple molecules,
• molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules (qualitative idea only).

UNIT V: States of Matter: Gases and Liquids

• Three states of matter,
• intermolecular interactions,
• types of bonding,
• melting and boiling points,
• role of gas laws in elucidating the concept of the molecule,
• Boyle’s Law,
• Charles Law,
• Gay-Lussac’s Law,
• Avogadro’s Law,
• ideal behaviour,
• empirical derivation of gas equation,
• Avogadro’s number,
• ideal gas equation.

UNIT VI: Thermodynamics

• Concept of system and surroundings,
• surroundings,
• work and heat,
• first law of thermodynamics - internal energy and enthalpy
• heat capacity
• specific heat,
• measurement of DeltaU and DeltaH,
• Hess’s Law of constant heat summation,
• enthalpy
• of bond dissociation,
• combustion,
• formation,
• atomization
• sublimation
• phase transition
• ionization,
• and dilution.

UNIT VII: Equilibrium

• Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes,
• dynamic nature of equilibrium,
• law of mass action,
• equilibrium constant,
• factors affecting equilibrium,
• Le Chatelier’s principle
• ionic equilibrium: ionization of acids and bases,
• strong and weak electrolytes,
• degree of ionization,
• ionization of polybasic acids,
• acid strength,
• concept of pH,
• buffer solution,
• solubility product,
• common ion effect (with illustrative examples).

UNIT VIII: Redox Reactions

• Concept of oxidation and reduction,
• redox reactions
• oxidation number
• balancing redox reactions
• in terms of loss and gain of electrons,
• types of redox reactions

UNIT IX: Hydrogen

• Position of hydrogen in the periodic table,
• occurrence,
• isotopes,
• preparation,
• properties,
• and uses of hydrogen.
• Physical and chemical properties of water and heavy water,
• hydrogen peroxide - preparation,
• reactions,
• structure,
• and use.

UNIT X: s-Block Element (Alkali and Alkaline earth metals)

• Group 1 and Group 2 elements: General introduction,
• electronic configuration,
• occurrence,
• anomalous properties of the first element of each group,
• diagonal relationship,
• trends in the variation of properties (such as atomic size,
• ionization enthalpy
• and alkalinity of oxides).

UNIT XI: Some p-Block Elements

• General introduction to p-Block elements: Group 13 elements: General introduction,
• electronic configuration,
• occurrence,
• variation of properties,
• oxidation states,
• trends in chemical reactivity
• anomalous properties of first element of the group;
• Boron - physical and chemical properties,
• some important compounds: borax,
• boric acid,
• boron hydrides. Aluminium: Reactions with acids and alkalis,
• uses.

UNIT XII: Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques

• General introduction,
• methods of purification,
• qualitative and quantitative analysis,
• classification and IUPAC nomenclature
• of organic compounds.
• Electronic displacements in a covalent bond: Inductive effect,
• electromeric effect,
• resonance and hyperconjugation.
• Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: Free radicals,
• carbocations,
• carbanions;
• electrophiles and nucleophiles,
• types of organic reactions.

UNIT XIII: Hydrocarbons

• Classification of hydrocarbons,
• alkanes - nomenclature,
• isomerism,
• conformation (ethane only),
• physical properties,
• chemical reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenation,
• combustion,
• preparation of alkanes (from unsaturated hydrocarbons) and Wurtz reaction.
• Alkenes - nomenclature,
• structure of double bond (ethene),
• geometrical isomerism,
• physical properties,
• methods of preparation: from alcohols,
• from alkynes,
• chemical reactions: addition of hydrogen,
• halogen,
• water,
• hydrogen halides (Markovnikov’s addition and peroxide effect),
• ozonolysis,
• oxidation,
• mechanism of electrophilic addition.
• Alkynes - nomenclature,
• structure of triple bond (ethyne),
• physical properties,
• methods of preparation: from calcium carbide,
• from vicinal dihalides,
• from alkynes,
• chemical reactions: acidic character of alkynes,
• addition reaction of - hydrogen,
• halogen,
• water and hydrogen halides,
• polymerization.

UNIT XIV: Environmental Chemistry

• Environmental pollution: Air,
• water and soil pollution,
• chemical reactions in atmosphere,
• smog,
• major atmospheric pollutants,
• acid rain,
• ozone and its reactions,
• effects of depletion of ozone layer,
• greenhouse effect and global warming - pollution due to industrial wastes,
• green chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution,
• strategies for controlling environmental pollution.

CHEMISTRY-XII

UNIT I: Solid State

• Classification of solids,
• crystal lattice,
• unit cell,
• imperfections in solids,
• electrical properties.

UNIT II: Solutions

• Types of solutions,
• colligative properties
• abnormal molecular mass
• vapour pressure.

UNIT III: Electrochemistry

• Electrochemical cells
• conductance in electrolytic solutions
• Nernst equation,
• corrosion.

UNIT IV: Chemical Kinetics

• Rate of Reaction
• factors affecting rate of reaction
• order of reaction
• integrated rate equations.

UNIT V: Surface Chemistry

• Adsorption,
• catalysis,
• colloids,
• emulsions.

UNIT VI: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

• Occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium,
• copper,
• iron,
• and zinc.

UNIT VII: p-Block Elements

• Group 15 to 18 elements,
• properties,
• compounds,
• uses.

UNIT VIII: d and f Block Elements

• Transition elements,
• properties,
• compounds,
• uses.

UNIT IX: Coordination Compounds

• Nomenclature,
• isomerism,
• bonding.

UNIT X: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

• Preparation,
• properties,
• uses,
• environmental effects.

UNIT XI: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers

• Alcohols
• Properties, reactions
• Phenols
• Properties, reactions
• Ethers, Properties, reactions

UNIT XII: Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids

• Preparation,
• properties,
• uses.

UNIT XIII: Organic Compounds containing Nitrogen

• Amines
• diazonium salts
• cyanides,
• isocyanides.

UNIT XIV: Biomolecules

• Carbohydrate
• proteins
• nucleic acids
• vitamins

UNIT XV: Polymers

• Classification,
• polymerization,
• uses.

UNIT XVI: Chemistry in Everyday Life

• Drugs,
• chemicals in food,
• cleansing agents.

MATHEMATICS-XI

UNIT I: Sets and Functions

• Sets and their representations
• union
• intersection
• and complement of sets
• and their algebraic properties
• relations
• functions
• domain,
• and range,
• the sum,
• difference,
• product,
• and quotients of functions.

UNIT II: Algebra

• Matrices
• and determinants
• addition and multiplication of matrices,
• adjoint
• inverse of a matrix,
• solution of linear equations (in three unknowns) using inverse of a matrix.

UNIT III: Coordinate Geometry

• Straight lines in two dimensions,
• slopes of a line,
• parallel and perpendicular lines
• distance formula
• area of a triangle,
• conditions for the similarity of triangles,
• coordinate geometry.

UNIT IV: Calculus

• Limits
• derivatives of a function,
• continuity of a function,
• derivative of a composite function,
• derivative of a function,
• method of differentiation,
• chain rule,
• derivative of implicit functions
• and logarithmic differentiation.

UNIT V: Mathematical Reasoning

• Meaning and types of reasoning,
• compound statement,
• statement,
• and logical operations and,
• or,
• not,
• conditional statements,
• converse and contrapositive of implication,
• proving a statement by contradiction.

UNIT VI: Statistics and Probability

• Measure of dispersion,
• range,
• mean deviation,
• variance,
• and standard deviation of ungrouped/grouped data,
• correlation coefficient.

MATHEMATICS-XII

UNIT I: Relations and Functions

• Types of relations
• composite functions
• inverse of a function.

UNIT II: Algebra

• Matrices
• determinants
• properties,
• inverse of a matrix,
• system of linear equations.

UNIT III: Coordinate Geometry

• Straight lines,
• circles,
• conic sections.

UNIT IV: Calculus

• Limits
• continuity,
• differentiation,
• applications of derivatives
• integration,
• definite integrals,
• applications of integrals.

UNIT V: Vectors and Three-dimensional Geometry

• Vectors,
• scalar and vector products,
• lines and planes.

UNIT VI: Linear Programming

• Introduction,
• constraints,
• feasible and infeasible regions.

UNIT VII: Probability

• Random experiments,
• events,
• probability of an event
• mutually exclusive events,
• independent events,
• total probability,
• Bayes’ theorem

BIOLOGY-XI

UNIT I: Diversity in Living World

• Taxonomy and systematics,
• concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy,
• binomial nomenclature,
• tools for the study of taxonomy - museums,
• zoological parks,
• herbaria,
• botanical gardens.

UNIT II: Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants

• Animal tissues
• the human digestive system,
• the respiratory system in humans
• and the circulatory system in humans.

UNIT III: Cell Structure and Function

• Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life
• the structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

UNIT IV: Plant Physiology

• Transport in plants,
• mineral nutrition,
• Photosynthesis in Higher Plants,
• Respiration in Plants,
• plant growth,
• and development.

UNIT V: Human Physiology

• Digestion and absorption,
• breathing and exchange of gases,
• body fluids and circulation
• excretory products and elimination,
• locomotion and movement,
• neural control and coordination.

UNIT VI: Reproduction

• Reproduction in organisms,
• sexual reproduction in flowering plants,
• human reproduction,
• reproductive health.

UNIT VII: Genetics and Evolution

• Principles of inheritance and variation,
• molecular basis of inheritance,
• evolution.

UNIT VIII: Biology and Human Welfare

• Health and disease
• improvement in food production,
• microbes in human welfare

UNIT IX: Biotechnology and its Applications

• Principles and processes of biotechnology,
• applications of biotechnology in health and agriculture.

UNIT X: Ecology and Environment

• Organisms and populations,
• ecosystem,
• biodiversity
• and conservation,
• environmental issues.

BIOLOGY-XII

UNIT I: Reproduction in Organisms

• Asexual and sexual reproduction,
• pre-fertilization and post-fertilization events.

UNIT II: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

• Flower structure
• development of male and female gametophytes
• pollination,
• fertilization,
• fruit
• seed formation.

UNIT III: Human Reproduction

• Male and female reproductive systems
• menstrual cycle
• gametogenesis,
• fertilization,
• implantation
• embryo development,
• pregnancy,
• parturition,
• lactation.

UNIT IV: Reproductive Health

• Need for reproductive health,
• sexually transmitted diseases,
• birth control methods,
• assisted reproductive technologies.

UNIT V: Principles of Inheritance and Variation

• Mendelian inheritance
• deviations from Mendelian inheritance
• chromosomal disorders,
• genetic disorders,
• sex determination.

UNIT VI: Molecular Basis of Inheritance

• DNA as genetic material
• structure of DNA
• RNA
• replication,
• transcription
• translation
• genetic code
• regulation of gene expression.

UNIT VII: Evolution

• Origin of life,
• theories of evolution,
• evidences of evolution,
• Hardy-Weinberg principle,
• adaptive radiation
• convergent and divergent evolution.

UNIT VIII: Human Health and Disease

• Common diseases,
• immunity,
• vaccines
• cancer
• HIV/AIDS,
• drug abuse.

UNIT IX: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production

• Plant breeding,
• tissue culture,
• single-cell protein,
• biofortification,
• animal husbandry,
• apiculture,
• pisciculture.

UNIT X: Microbes in Human Welfare

• Microbes in household products,
• industrial products,
• sewage treatment
• biogas production,
• biocontrol agents,
• biofertilizers.

UNIT XI: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

• Recombinant DNA technology
• DNA fingerprinting,
• biotechnology in healthcare and agriculture
• ethical issues.

UNIT XII: Organisms and Populations

• Organism and its environment,
• population attributes,
• growth,
• regulation of population.

UNIT XIII: Ecosystem

• Structure and function of ecosystem,
• energy flow,
• nutrient cycling (carbon and nitrogen cycles),
• ecological succession.

UNIT XIV: Biodiversity and Conservation

• Concept of biodiversity
• types,
• importance,
• threats to biodiversity,
• conservation strategies - in-situ and ex-situ conservation,
• biodiversity hotspots
• biosphere reserves
• national parks,
• wildlife sanctuaries.

UNIT XV: Environmental Issues

• Air pollution and its control,
• water pollution and its control,
• solid waste management,
• ozone layer depletion,
• global warming,
• sustainable development.