SATHEE: Meghalaya State Board

Meghalaya State Board

PHYSICS-XI

UNIT I: Physical World and Measurement

Units and measurements
SI units,
measurement of length,
mass,
time,
significant figures
Dimensional analysis
Motion in a straight line
Position,
path length,
displacement,
average velocity,
instantaneous velocity,
average acceleration,
instantaneous acceleration.
Scalars and vectors
vector addition and subtraction
relative velocity

UNIT II: Kinematics

UNIT III: Laws of Motion

Newton’s Laws of Motion
First
second
and third laws
Friction
Types and laws of friction,
Applications.

UNIT IV: Work, Energy, and Power

Work done by a force
energy,
power
kinetic and potential energy
conservation of energy,
collision.

UNIT V: Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body

Centre of mass
motion of centre of mass
linear momentum,
impulse and momentum,
rigid body
moment of inertia
theorem of perpendicular and parallel axis.

UNIT VI: Gravitation

UNIT VII: Properties of Bulk Matter

UNIT VIII: Thermodynamics

Thermal equilibrium
zeroth law of thermodynamics,
heat,
work and internal energy,
first law of thermodynamics,
second law of thermodynamics
reversible and irreversible processes

UNIT IX: Behaviour of Perfect Gas and Kinetic Theory

UNIT X: Oscillations and Waves

Periodic motion
Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.)
oscillations due to spring,
kinetic and potential energy in S.H.M.,
wave motion
transverse and longitudinal waves,
speed of wave motion,
superposition of waves,
standing waves.

PHYSICS-XII

UNIT I: Electric Charges and Fields

Electric charges
conservation of charge
Coulomb’s law
electric field intensity,
electric field lines,
electric flux
Gauss’s law
its applications.

UNIT II: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

Electrostatic potential,
potential due to a point charge,
potential due to an electric dipole
potential due to a system of charges,
equipotential surfaces
electrical capacitance,
parallel plate capacitor,
combination of capacitors,
energy stored in a capacitor

UNIT III: Current Electricity

Electric current
drift velocity
Ohm’s law
electrical resistance
resistivity,
colour code for resistors,
series and parallel combination of resistors,
temperature dependence of resistance,
internal resistance
of a cell,
Kirchhoff’s laws and their applications,
Wheatstone bridge
meter bridge.

UNIT IV: Moving Charges and Magnetism

Magnetic force on a moving charge,
magnetic force on a current-carrying conductor,
force between two parallel current-carrying conductors,
torque
experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field,
moving coil galvanometer,
magnetic dipole moment,
oscillation of a magnetic dipole,
Earth’s magnetic field,
magnetic properties of materials,
dia,
para and ferromagnetic substances,
Hysteresis,
permanent magnets.

UNIT V: Magnetism and Matter

Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment
magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole along its axis and perpendicular to its axis,
torque
on a magnetic dipole,
magnetic properties of materials,
paramagnetic,
diamagnetic and ferromagnetic materials.

UNIT VI: Electromagnetic Induction

Electromagnetic induction, Faraday’s law
Lenz’s law
self and mutual induction
alternating currents
AC generator
transformer
inductance.

UNIT VII: Alternating Current

Alternating currents
mean and RMS value of alternating current/voltage,
reactance and impedance,
LC oscillations,
LCR series circuit
resonance,
[power in AC circuits],
wattless current.

UNIT VIII: Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics
electromagnetic spectrum,
applications of electromagnetic waves.

UNIT IX: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

Reflection of light
spherical mirrors
mirror formula
refraction of light,
total internal reflection,
lenses,
lens formula,
magnification
power of a lens,
optical instruments - microscope,
telescope.

UNIT X: Wave Optics

Wave front and Huygens’ principle,
interference
Young’s double-slit experiment,
diffraction,
polarisation.

CHEMISTRY-XI

UNIT I: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Importance of chemistry,
nature of matter,
laws of chemical combination,
Dalton’s atomic theory
atomic and molecular masses,
mole concept and molar mass,
percentage composition,
empirical and molecular formulae,
chemical reactions,
stoichiometry.

UNIT II: Structure of Atom

Discovery of electron,
proton and neutron,
atomic number,
isotopes,
isobars,
Thomson’s model of atom,
Rutherford’s model of atom,
Bohr’s model of atom
electronic configuration of atoms.

UNIT III: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

Periodic table and its Classification,
periodic trends in properties of elements - atomic size,
ionization enthalpy
electron gain enthalpy
electronegativity,
Valence,
periodicity in properties.

UNIT IV: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Kossel Lewis approach to chemical bonding,
ionic bond
covalent bond
Valence bond theory,
resonance,
VSEPR theory
hybridization,
molecular orbital theory,
bond length,
bond angle,
bond order,
dipole moment.

UNIT V: States of Matter: Gases and Liquids

Three states of matter,
intermolecular forces,
properties of gases,
ideal gas equation,
real gases,
deviation from ideal behaviour,
liquefaction of gases,
properties of liquids,
vapour pressure,
viscosity.

UNIT VI: Thermodynamics

System and surroundings,
types of thermodynamic processes,
first law of thermodynamics
internal energy,
work,
heat,
enthalpy
heat capacity
calorimetry,
Second law of thermodynamics
entropy.

UNIT VII: Equilibrium

Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes,
dynamic nature of equilibrium,
law of mass action,
equilibrium constant,
factors affecting equilibrium,
Le Chatelier’s principle

UNIT VIII: Redox Reactions

UNIT IX: Hydrogen

Position of hydrogen in periodic table,
isotopes of hydrogen,
properties of hydrogen,
preparation,
properties and uses of hydrogen compounds - water,
hydrogen peroxide,
heavy water,
hydrogen as a fuel.

UNIT X: s-Block Element (Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals)

General introduction,
electronic configuration,
occurrence,
anomalous properties of the first element of each group,
diagonal relationship,
trends in the properties of elements - atomic and ionic radii,
ionization enthalpy
electropositivity,
oxidation states,
trends in chemical reactivity
compounds of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals.

UNIT XI: Some p-Block Elements

General introduction to p-Block elements: Group 13 elements: General introduction,
electronic configuration,
occurrence,
variation of properties,
oxidation states,
trends in chemical reactivity
anomalous properties of first element of the group; Boron - physical and chemical properties,
some important compounds: borax,
boric acid,
boron hydrides. Aluminium: Reactions with acids and alkalis,
uses.

UNIT XII: Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques

General introduction,
methods of purification,
qualitative and quantitative analysis,
classification and IUPAC nomenclature
of organic compounds.
Electronic displacements in a covalent bond: Inductive effect,
electromeric effect,
resonance and hyperconjugation.
Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: Free radicals,
carbocations,
carbanions; electrophiles and nucleophiles,
types of organic reactions.

UNIT XIII: Hydrocarbons

Classification of hydrocarbons,
alkanes - nomenclature,
isomerism
conformation (ethane only),
physical properties,
chemical reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenation,
combustion,
preparation of alkanes (from unsaturated hydrocarbons) and Wurtz reaction.
Alkenes - nomenclature,
structure of double bond (ethene),
geometrical isomerism,
physical properties,
methods of preparation: from alcohols,
from alkynes,
chemical reactions: addition of hydrogen,
halogen,
water,
hydrogen halides (Markovnikov’s addition and peroxide effect),
ozonolysis,
oxidation,
mechanism of electrophilic addition.
Alkynes - nomenclature,
structure of triple bond (ethyne),
physical properties,
methods of preparation: from calcium carbide,
from vicinal dihalides,
from alkynes,
chemical reactions: acidic character of alkynes,
addition reaction of - hydrogen,
halogen,
water and hydrogen halides,
polymerization.

UNIT XIV: Environmental Chemistry

Environmental pollution: Air,
water and soil pollution,
chemical reactions in atmosphere,
smog,
major atmospheric pollutants,
acid rain,
ozone and its reactions,
effects of depletion of ozone layer,
greenhouse effect and global warming - pollution due to industrial wastes,
green chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution,
strategies for controlling environmental pollution.

CHEMISTRY-XII

UNIT I: Solid State

Classification of solids,
crystal lattice,
unit cell,
calculation of density of unit cell,
packing in solids,
voids,
imperfections in solids,
electrical properties,
band theory of solids.

UNIT II: Solutions

Types of solutions,
solubility,
Raoult’s law
elevation of boiling point,
depression of freezing point,
osmotic pressure
abnormal molecular mass

UNIT III: Electrochemistry

Electrochemical cells
EMF of a cell,
Nernst equation,
conductance,
Kohlrausch’s law,
electrolytic conductance,
specific and molar conductivities,
galvanic cells
batteries,
corrosion.

UNIT IV: Chemical Kinetics

UNIT V: Surface Chemistry

Adsorption,
catalysis,
colloids - preparation and properties,
emulsions,
micelles,
purification of colloids,
dialysis,
electrophoresis.

UNIT VI: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

Occurrence of metals,
concentration of ores,
extraction of crude metal,
refining of metals,
thermodynamic and electrochemical principles of metallurgy.

UNIT VII: p-Block Elements

Group 13 to Group 18 elements,
general introduction,
electronic configuration,
occurrence,
trends in physical and chemical properties,
anomalous properties,
Boron - properties and compounds,
carbon - allotropes and compounds,
nitrogen - preparation and properties,
ammonia and nitric acid.

UNIT VIII: d and f Block Elements

Transition metals - electronic configuration
general trends,
properties,
ionization enthalpy,
oxidation states,
lanthanides and actinides - electronic configuration
oxidation states.

UNIT IX: Coordination Compounds

Coordination compounds,
nomenclature,
isomerism,
bonding in coordination compounds,
Werner’s theory
Valence bond theory,
crystal field theory,
applications of coordination compounds.

UNIT X: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Haloalkanes - preparation,
properties,
reactions,
mechanism of SN1 and SN2 reactions,
uses,
Haloarenes - preparation,
properties,
uses,
environmental effects.

UNIT XI: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers

UNIT XII: Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids

Aldehyde and Ketones - preparation,
properties,
reactions,
uses,
Carboxylic Acids - preparation,
properties,
reactions,
uses.

UNIT XIII: Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

Amines - preparation,
properties,
reactions,
uses,
Diazonium Salts - preparation,
properties,
reactions,
uses,
Cyanides and Isocyanides - preparation,
properties,
reactions,
uses.

UNIT XIV: Biomolecules

Carbohydrates - Classification,
monosaccharides,
oligosaccharides,
polysaccharides,
proteins - amino acids,
peptides,
proteins,
nucleic acids - DNA, RNA
lipids.

UNIT XV: Polymers

Classification,
polymerisation,
polymer properties,
biodegradable polymers,
commercial polymers.

UNIT XVI: Chemistry in Everyday Life

Drugs and pharmaceuticals,
cleansing agents,
food preservatives,
artificial sweetening agents,
antioxidants,
soaps and detergents.

MATHEMATICS-XI

UNIT I: Sets

Sets and their representations
types of sets,
subsets,
operations on sets,
Venn diagrams.

UNIT II: Relations and Functions

Relations: Definition,
types
domain,
co-domain,
and range.
Functions
Definition,
types (one-one, onto, and many-one)
composite functions,
inverse of a function.

UNIT III: Trigonometric Functions

Trigonometric ratios: Definition,
trigonometric identities,
trigonometric equations,
properties of triangles,
heights and distances.

UNIT IV: Principle of Mathematical Induction

Statement and verification of the principle,
applications.

UNIT V: Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations

Complex Numbers
Definition,
algebraic operations,
modulus,
conjugate,
polar representation.
Quadratic equations:
Nature of roots
relationships between roots and coefficients.

UNIT VI: Linear Inequalities

Linear inequalities and their solutions,
graphical representation on number line.

UNIT VII: Permutations and Combinations

Fundamental principle of counting,
permutations,
combinations,
binomial theorem (positive integral indices only).

UNIT VIII: Sequence and Series

Arithmetic progressions (AP)
Definition,
nth term,
sum of first n terms.
Geometric progressions (GP)
Definition,
nth term,
sum of first n terms,
infinite GP.

UNIT IX: Binomial Theorem

Binomial theorem for positive integral indices,
general term,
middle term,
properties.

UNIT X: Statistics and Probability

Statistics: Measures of dispersion (mean deviation,
variance,
standard deviation),
range,
mean,
median,
mode.
Probability:
Probability of an event
addition and multiplication theorems of probability
conditional probability.

MATHEMATICS-XII

UNIT I: Relations and Functions

Types of relations
reflexive,
symmetric,
transitive,
equivalence relations. Functions
one-one
onto and inverse of a function
composite functions
binary operations.

UNIT II: Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Definition,
range,
domain,
principal value branches. Graphs of inverse trigonometric functions Elementary properties of inverse trigonometric functions

UNIT III: Matrices

Concept,
notation,
order,
equality,
types of matrices
operations (addition, multiplication by a scalar and multiplication of matrices),
transpose of a matrix,
determinant of a square matrix,
inverse of a matrix,
consistency,
inconsistency and number of solutions of system of linear equations by examples,
solving system of linear equations in two or three variables using inverse of a matrix (if it exists).

UNIT IV: Determinants

Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 x 3 matrices),
properties of determinants
minors,
cofactors and applications of determinants
in finding the area of a triangle. Adjoint
inverse of a square matrix. Consistency,
inconsistency and number of solutions of system of linear equations by examples,
solving system of linear equations in two or three variables (having unique solution) using inverse of a matrix.

UNIT V: Continuity and Differentiability

Continuity and differentiability
derivative of composite functions,
chain rule,
derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions,
derivative of implicit functions
Concept of exponential and logarithmic functions.

UNIT VI: Applications of Derivatives

Applications of derivatives
Rate of change of quantities
monotonic - increasing and decreasing functions
maxima and minima of functions of one variable
tangents and normals,
Rolle’s and Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorems.

UNIT VII: Integrals

Integration as inverse process of differentiation. Integration of a variety of functions by substitution,
by partial fractions and by parts. Evaluation of simple integrals of the following types and problems based on them.
Definite integrals as a limit of a sum,
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (without proof). Basic properties of definite integrals and evaluation of definite integrals

UNIT VIII: Applications of Integrals

Applications in finding the area under simple curves,
especially lines,
circles/parabolas/ellipses (in standard form only),
Area between any of the two above said curves (the region should be clearly identifiable).

UNIT IX: Differential Equations

Definition,
order and degree,
general and particular solutions of a differential equation
Formation of differential equation whose general solution is given
Solution of differential equations by method of separation of variables,
solutions of homogeneous differential equations of first order and first degree.

UNIT X: Vectors

Vectors and scalars,
addition of vectors,
components of a vector in two dimensions and three dimensional space,
scalar and vector products,
scalar and vector triple product.

UNIT XI: Three-Dimensional Geometry

Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line joining two points. Cartesian equation and vector equation of a line,
coplanar and skew lines
shortest distance between two lines. Cartesian and vector equation of a plane,
angle between two planes,
distance of a point from a plane.

UNIT XII: Linear Programming

Introduction,
related terminology such as constraints,
objective function,
optimization,
different types of linear programming (L.P.) problems,
mathematical formulation of L.P. problems,
graphical method of solution for problems in two variables,
feasible and infeasible regions (bounded),
feasible and infeasible solutions,
optimal feasible solutions (up to three non-trivial constraints).

BIOLOGY-XI

UNIT I: Diversity in Living Organisms

Classification of living organisms,
basis of Classification,
five-kingdom Classification,
plant and animal kingdom Classification.

UNIT II: Structural Organisation in Plants and Animals

Morphology
anatomy of flowering plants,
animal tissues
plant tissues

UNIT III: Cell Structure and Function

Cell theory,
structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells,
cell organelles and their functions,
Cell Division
mitosis
meiosis.

UNIT IV: Plant Physiology

Transport in plants: absorption of water,
ascent of sap,
transpiration,
translocation of food.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthetic pigments,
light and dark reactions,
factors affecting photosynthesis
Respiration
Aerobic and anaerobic respiration
respiratory quotient

UNIT V: Human Physiology

Digestion and absorption: Digestive system,
enzymes
absorption of nutrients.
Breathing and
Respiration
Respiratory system,
mechanism of breathing,
exchange of gases.
Body fluids and circulation
Circulatory system,
blood groups
lymphatic system.
Excretory products and their elimination
Excretory System
urine formation
osmoregulation.

UNIT VI: Plant Reproduction

Modes of reproduction in plants: sexual and asexual reproduction,
flower structureand reproduction,
pollination,
fertilization,
seed formation.

UNIT VII: Human Reproduction

Male and female reproductive systems
gametogenesis,
menstrual cycle
fertilization,
implantation
pregnancy,
parturition,
lactation.

UNIT VIII: Genetics and Evolution

Mendelian inheritance
deviations from Mendelism,
chromosome theory of inheritance
sex determination,
linkage and crossing over
Evolution: Origin of life
theories of evolution,
evidences for evolution,
Lamarckism,
Darwinism,
natural selection.

UNIT IX: Biology and Human Welfare

Health and disease
Common diseases,
immunity,
vaccines
AIDS,
cancer
tuberculosis.
Improvement in food production: Plant breeding,
tissue culture,
animal husbandry practices.

UNIT X: Biotechnology

Principles and processes of biotechnology,
applications in agriculture,
medicine,
and industry,
genetic engineering,
DNA technology.

BIOLOGY-XII

UNIT I: Reproduction in Organisms

Reproduction,
a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species; Modes of reproduction - asexual and sexual; asexual reproduction - binary fission,
sporulation,
budding,
gemmule formation,
fragmentation; vegetative propagation in plants.
Sexual reproduction in flowering plants:
Flower structure
Development of male and female gametophytes
Pollination - types, agencies and examples;
Outbreeding devices
Pollen-Pistil interaction
Double fertilization
Post fertilization events - Development of endosperm and embryo,
Development of seed and formation of fruit
Special modes-apomixis,
parthenocarpy,
polyembryony.