SATHEE: Manipur State Board

Manipur State Board

PHYSICS-XI

UNIT I: Physical World and Measurement

Units and measurements
systems of units
Dimensional analysis
measurement of length,
mass,
time,
error analysis.

UNIT II: Kinematics

Motion in a straight line
position,
path length,
displacement,
average velocity and instantaneous velocity,
average acceleration and instantaneous acceleration,
uniformly accelerated motion
relative velocity

UNIT III: Laws of Motion

UNIT IV: Work, Energy, and Power

Work done by a constant force and a variable force;
kinetic energy
work-energy theorem
power
potential energy
conservative forces,
non-conservative forces,
conservation of mechanical energy,
elastic and inelastic collisions.

UNIT V: Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body

Centre of mass of a two-particle system
momentum conservation and centre of mass motion
rigid body rotation,
comparison of linear and rotational motions
moment of inertia
radius of gyration,
rotational kinetic energy,
rolling motion,
torque
angular momentum
conservation of angular momentum

UNIT VI: Gravitation

Kepler’s laws of planetary motion
universal law of gravitation
acceleration due to gravity of the earth,
gravitational potential energy
gravitational potential
escape velocity
orbital velocity of a satellite
geostationary satellites

UNIT VII: Properties of Bulk Matter

Elastic behaviour
stress-strain relationship
Hooke’s law,
elastic moduli - Young’s modulus,
shear modulus,
bulk modulus
Poisson’s ratio; fluid mechanics - pressure due to a fluid column
Pascal’s law and its applications,
surface tension,
viscosity
Stokes’ law,
terminal velocity,
Bernoulli’s principle and its applications.

UNIT VIII: Thermodynamics

Thermal equilibrium
zeroth law of thermodynamics,
concept of temperature
Celsius and Fahrenheit scales of temperature,
thermal expansion of solids
liquids, and gases,
heat,
calorimetry
latent heat
specific heat capacity
laws of calorimetry,
change of state - boiling,
melting,
evaporation,
sublimation,
kinetic theory of gases,
law of equipartition of energy
heat engines,
refrigerators,
heat pump,
second law of thermodynamics
Carnot engine,
efficiency of heat engines.

UNIT IX: Behaviour of Perfect Gas and Kinetic Theory

Equation of state of a perfect gas
work done on compressing a gas
kinetic theory of gases - assumptions
concept of pressure,
kinetic interpretation of temperature
rms speed of gas molecules,
degrees of freedom
law of equipartition of energy (statement only) and application to specific heat capacities of gases,
concept of mean free path
Avogadro’s number.

UNIT X: Oscillations and Waves

Periodic motion - period,
frequency,
displacement as a function of time,
periodic functions
Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and its equation
oscillation of a spring - restoring force and force constant,
energy in S.H.M.,
the combination of S.H.M. and simple pendulum,
wave motion
longitudinal and transverse waves
displacement relation in a progressive wave,
the speed of a wave,
the principle of superposition of waves
reflection of waves
standing waves,
normal modes,
sound waves and Doppler effect (qualitative treatment only).

PHYSICS-XII

UNIT I: Electric Charges and Fields

Electric charges
conservation of charge
Coulomb’s law
electric field
electric field lines,
electric flux
Gauss’s theorem and its application to find field due to infinitely long straight wire,
uniformly charged infinite plane sheet
uniformly charged thin spherical shell

UNIT II: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

Electrostatic potential,
potential due to a point charge,
potential due to a dipole,
potential due to a system of charges,
equipotential surfaces
electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric dipole
in an electrostatic field.

UNIT III: Current Electricity

Electric current
flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor,
drift velocity
mobility and their relation with electric current
Ohm’s law
electrical resistance
V-I characteristics (linear and non-linear),
electrical energy and power
electrical resistivity and conductivity

UNIT IV: Moving Charges and Magnetism

Magnetic force,
motion in a magnetic field,
magnetic field due to current,
magnetic field due to a straight current carrying conductor,
force on a moving charge in a magnetic field,
magnetic field due to a solenoid,
torque
experienced by a current loop in a magnetic field,
moving coil galvanometer,
current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment
the principle and working of a cyclotron.

UNIT V: Magnetism and Matter

Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment
magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis,
torque
on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field,
bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid
magnetic field lines
Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements.

UNIT VI: Electromagnetic Induction

UNIT VII: Alternating Current

AC voltage applied to a resistor,
representation of AC current and voltage by rotating vectors - phasors,
AC voltage applied to an inductor,
AC voltage applied to a capacitor,
LC oscillations,
LCR series circuit
power in AC circuits
wattless current.

UNIT VIII: Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics
transverse nature of electromagnetic waves
electromagnetic spectrum,
elementary facts about Hertz experiment.

UNIT IX: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

Ray optics and optical instruments,
reflection of light
spherical mirrors
mirror formula
refraction of light,
total internal reflection and its applications
optical fibres,
refraction at spherical surfaces,
lenses,
lens formula,
magnification
power of a lens,
combination of thin lenses in contact
microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers.

UNIT X: Wave Optics

Wavefront and Huygens’ principle,
reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using wavefronts,
proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens’ principle,
interference
Young’s double-slit experiment and expression for fringe width
coherent sources
sustained interference of light
diffraction due to a single slit
width of central maximum
resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes,
polarisation,
plane polarised light,
Brewster’s law,
uses of plane polarised light and Polaroids.

CHEMISTRY-XI

UNIT I: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Importance of Chemistry,
Nature of Matter,
Laws of Chemical Combination,
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
Atomic and Molecular Mass,
Mole Concept and Molar Masses,
Percentage Composition,
Empirical and Molecular Formula,
Chemical Reactions,
Stoichiometry and Stoichiometric Calculations.

UNIT II: Structure of Atom

Discovery of Electron,
Proton and Neutron,
Atomic Number,
Isotopes and Isobars,
Thomson’s Model of Atom,
Rutherford’s Model of Atom,
Bohr’s Model of Atom
Energy Levels,
Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom,
Electronic Configurations of Elements.

UNIT III: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

Periodic Table,
Periodic Trends in Properties - Atomic Radii,
Ionic Radii,
Ionization Energy,
Electron Affinity,
Electronegativity,
Periodic Trends and Chemical Reactivity

UNIT IV: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Kossel Lewis Approach to Chemical Bonding,
Octet Rule,
Ionic Bonding
Covalent Bonding
VSEPR Theory
Shapes of Molecules,
Hybridization,
Molecular Orbital Theory,
Bonding in Coordination Compounds.

UNIT V: States of Matter: Gases and Liquids

Intermolecular Forces,
Characteristics of Gases,
Boyle’s Law,
Charles’s Law,
Gay-Lussac’s Law,
Avogadro’s Law,
Ideal Gas Equation,
Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases,
Deviation from Ideal Behaviour,
Liquefaction of Gases,
Liquid State,
Properties of Liquids,
Vapour Pressure,
Surface Tension,
Viscosity.

UNIT VI: Thermodynamics

Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics,
System and Surroundings,
Types of Thermodynamic Processes,
First Law of Thermodynamics
Internal Energy and Enthalpy
Heat Capacity
Measurement of ΔU and ΔH,
Enthalpy
Change during Phase Transition
Hess’s Law of Constant Heat Summation,
Enthalpy
of Bond Dissociation,
Introduction to Second Law of Thermodynamics-

UNIT VII: Equilibrium

Equilibrium in Physical and Chemical Processes,
Dynamic Nature of Equilibrium,
Law of Mass Action,
Equilibrium Constant,
Factors Affecting Equilibrium - Le Chatelier’s Principle
Types of Equilibria,
Ionic Equilibrium in Solution,
Acids,
Bases and Salts,
pH Scale
Buffer Solutions

UNIT VIII: Redox Reactions

Oxidation and Reduction Reactions,
Redox Reactions
in Terms of Electron Transfer,
Oxidation Number
Balancing of Redox Reactions
types of redox reactions - Combination,
Decomposition,
Displacement,
Disproportionation,
Oxidation and Reduction Potentials.

UNIT IX: Hydrogen

Position of Hydrogen in the Periodic Table,
Dihydrogen - Preparation,
Properties and uses,
Heavy Water,
Hydrogen Peroxide - Preparation,
Properties and uses,
Hydrides - Classification and Preparation,
Water - Structure,
Properties and uses,
Hard and Soft Water,
Hydrogen as a Fuel.

UNIT X: s-Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals)

General Characteristics of Group 1 and Group 2 Elements,
Electronic Configurations,
Atomic and Ionic Radii,
Ionization Energy,
Hydration Energy,
Trends in Chemical Properties,
Reactions of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals with Water,
Oxides and Hydroxides,
Anomalous Behaviour of Lithium and Beryllium.

UNIT XI: Some p-Block Elements

General introduction to p-Block elements: Group 13 elements: General introduction,
electronic configuration,
occurrence,
variation of properties,
oxidation states,
trends in chemical reactivity
anomalous properties of first element of the group; Boron - physical and chemical properties,
some important compounds: borax,
boric acid,
boron hydrides. Aluminium: Reactions with acids and alkalis,
uses.

UNIT XII: Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques

General introduction,
methods of purification,
qualitative and quantitative analysis,
classification and IUPAC nomenclature
of organic compounds.
Electronic displacements in a covalent bond: Inductive effect,
electromeric effect,
resonance and hyperconjugation.
Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: Free radicals,
carbocations,
carbanions; electrophiles and nucleophiles,
types of organic reactions.

UNIT XIII: Hydrocarbons

Classification of hydrocarbons,
alkanes - nomenclature,
isomerism
conformation (ethane only),
physical properties,
chemical reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenation,
combustion,
preparation of alkanes (from unsaturated hydrocarbons) and Wurtz reaction.
Alkenes - nomenclature,
structure of double bond (ethene),
geometrical isomerism,
physical properties,
methods of preparation: from alcohols,
from alkynes,
chemical reactions: addition of hydrogen,
halogen,
water,
hydrogen halides (Markovnikov’s addition and peroxide effect),
ozonolysis,
oxidation,
mechanism of electrophilic addition.
Alkynes - nomenclature,
structure of triple bond (ethyne),
physical properties,
methods of preparation: from calcium carbide,
from vicinal dihalides,
from alkynes,
chemical reactions: acidic character of alkynes,
addition reaction of - hydrogen,
halogen,
water and hydrogen halides,
polymerization.

UNIT XIV: Environmental Chemistry

Environmental pollution: Air,
water and soil pollution,
chemical reactions in atmosphere,
smog,
major atmospheric pollutants,
acid rain,
ozone and its reactions,
effects of depletion of ozone layer,
greenhouse effect and global warming - pollution due to industrial wastes,
green chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution,
strategies for controlling environmental pollution.

CHEMISTRY-XII

UNIT I: Solid State

Classification of solids based on different binding forces: molecular,
ionic,
covalent and metallic solids,
amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea),
unit cell in two-dimensional and three-dimensional lattices,
calculation of density of unit cell,
packing in solids,
voids,
number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell,
point defects,
electrical and magnetic properties,
Band theory of metals,
conductors,
semiconductors and insulators and n and p type semiconductors.

UNIT II: Solutions

Types of solutions,
expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids,
solubility of gases in liquids,
solid solutions,
colligative properties - relative lowering of vapour pressure
Raoult’s law
elevation of boiling point,
depression of freezing point,
osmotic pressure
determination of molecular masses using colligative properties
abnormal molecular mass

UNIT III: Electrochemistry

Redox Reactions
conductance in electrolytic solutions
specific and molar conductivity,
variations of conductivity with concentration,
Kohlrausch’s Law,
electrolysis and laws of electrolysis (elementary idea),
dry cell - electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells
EMF of a cell,
standard electrode potential,
Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells,
fuel cells
corrosion.

UNIT IV: Chemical Kinetics

Rate of a reaction (average and instantaneous)
factors affecting rate of reaction
concentration,
temperature,
catalyst,
order and molecularity of a reaction,
rate law
rate constant
integrated rate equations and half-life (only for zero and first-order reactions),
concept of collision theory (elementary idea,
no mathematical treatment),
activation energy
Arrhenius equation.

UNIT V: Surface Chemistry

Adsorption - physisorption and chemisorption,
factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids,
catalysis - homogeneous and heterogeneous,
activity and selectivity of solid catalysts,
enzyme catalysis and its mechanism,
colloidal state - distinction between true solutions,
colloids and suspensions,
lyophilic,
lyophobic,
multi-molecular and macromolecular colloids,
properties of colloids,
Tyndall effect,
Brownian movement,
electrophoresis,
coagulation.

UNIT VI: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

Principles and methods of extraction - concentration,
oxidation,
reduction - electrolytic method and refining; occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium,
copper,
zinc and iron.

UNIT VII: P-block Elements

Group 15 elements: General introduction,
electronic configuration,
occurrence,
oxidation states,
trends in physical and chemical properties; preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acid,
oxides of nitrogen (structure only),
Phosphorus - allotropic forms,
compounds of phosphorus - preparation and properties of phosphine,
halides (PCL3,
PCL5) and oxoacids (elementary idea only).

UNIT VIII: d and f Block Elements

General introduction
electronic configuration
occurrence
characteristics of transition metals,
general trends in properties of the first-row transition metals - metallic character,
ionization enthalpy,
oxidation states,
ionic radii,
colour
catalytic property,
magnetic properties
interstitial compounds,
alloy formation.

UNIT IX: Coordination Compounds

Coordination compounds - introduction,
ligands
Coordination Number
colour,
magnetic properties and shapes,
IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds
bonding - Werner’s theory,
VBT,
and CFT,
importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis,
biological systems).

UNIT X: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Haloalkanes: Nomenclature
nature of C-X bond
physical and chemical properties,
mechanism of substitution reactions,
optical rotation. Haloarenes:
Nature of C-X bond
substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen in monosubstituted compounds only).

UNIT XI: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers

Alcohols
Nomenclature,
methods of preparation
physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only),
identification of primary,
secondary and tertiary alcohols,
mechanism of dehydration,
uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol.
Phenols
Nomenclature,
methods of preparation
physical and chemical properties,
acidic nature of phenol,
electrophilic substitution reactions,
uses of phenols
Ethers
Nomenclature,
methods of preparation
physical and chemical properties,
uses

UNIT XII: Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids

Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature,
nature of carbonyl group
methods of preparation,
physical and chemical properties,
mechanism of nucleophilic addition,
reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes and uses.
Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature,
acidic nature,
methods of preparation,
physical and chemical properties; uses.

UNIT XIII: Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

Amines: Nomenclature
Classification,
structure,
methods of preparation,
physical and chemical properties,
uses,
identification of primary,
secondary and tertiary amines.
Cyanides and Isocyanides: Nomenclature,
structure,
methods of preparation,
physical and chemical properties,
uses.
Diazonium Salts
Preparation,
chemical reactions,
and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.

UNIT XIV: Biomolecules

Carbohydrates
Classification (aldoses and ketoses),
monosaccharides (glucose and fructose),
D-L configuration,
oligosaccharides (sucrose,
lactose,
maltose),
polysaccharides (starch,
cellulose,
glycogen); importance of carbohydrates.
Proteins
Elementary idea of amino acids,
peptide bond, polypeptides
proteins,
structure of proteins - primary,
secondary,
tertiary structure and quaternary structures (qualitative idea only),
denaturation of proteins; enzymes
Vitamins - Classification and functions
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA

UNIT XV: Polymers

Classification: Natural and synthetic,
methods of polymerization (addition and condensation),
copolymerization,
some important polymers: natural and synthetic like polythene,
nylon,
polyesters,
bakelite,
rubber.

UNIT XVI: Chemistry in Everyday Life

Chemicals in medicines: Analgesics,
tranquilizers,
antiseptics,
disinfectants,
antimicrobials,
antifertility drugs,
antibiotics,
antacids,
antihistamines.
Chemicals in food: Preservatives,
artificial sweetening agents,
elementary idea of antioxidants.
Cleansing agents: Soaps and detergents,
cleansing action.

MATHEMATICS-XI

UNIT I: Sets and Functions

Sets and their representations
union
intersection
and complement of sets
and their algebraic properties
relations
functions
Venn diagrams,
Cartesian product of sets,
relation
equivalence relation Functions - one-one, into and onto functions
composition of functions.

UNIT II: Algebra

Complex Numbers
quadratic equations,
arithmetic progression (AP)
geometric progression (GP)
arithmetic-geometric progression (AGP),
quadratic equations,
binomial theorem for positive integral index,
relations between roots and coefficients,
matrices
and determinants

UNIT III: Trigonometry

Trigonometric Functions
trigonometric functions of compound angles,
transformation formulae,
trigonometric functions of multiple and sub-multiple angles,
inverse trigonometric functions
height and distance.

UNIT IV: Coordinate Geometry

Straight lines,
circles,
conic sections,
parabola,
ellipse,
hyperbola,
introduction to three-dimensional geometry.

UNIT V: Calculus

Limits
derivatives,
continuity and differentiability
application of derivatives,
integrals,
definite integrals,
differential equations.

UNIT VI: Mathematical Reasoning

Statements,
logical operations and,
or,
implies,
implied by,
if and only if (iff),
conditional statements,
converse and contra positive of statements.

UNIT VII: Statistics and Probability

Measures of dispersion,
calculation of mean,
median and mode of grouped and ungrouped data,
empirical relation,
standard deviation,
and correlation coefficient,
probability.

MATHEMATICS-XII

UNIT I: Relations and Functions

Types of relations
Reflexive,
symmetric,
transitive and equivalence relations. One-to-one and onto functions
composite functions,
inverse of a function. Binary operations.

UNIT II: Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Definition,
range,
domain,
principal value branch. Graphs of inverse trigonometric functions
Elementary properties of inverse trigonometric functions.

UNIT III: Matrices

Concept,
notation,
order,
equality,
types of matrices
zero matrix,
transpose of a matrix,
symmetric and skew symmetric matrices. Operation on matrices: Addition and multiplication and multiplication with a scalar. Simple properties of addition,
multiplication and scalar multiplication. Non-commutativity of multiplication of matrices and existence of non-zero matrices whose product is the zero matrix (restrict to square matrices of order 2). Concept of elementary row and column operations. Invertible matrices and proof of the uniqueness of inverse,
if it exists; (Here all matrices will have real entries).

UNIT IV: Determinants

Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 x 3 matrices),
properties of determinants
minors,
cofactors and applications of determinants in finding the area of a triangle. Adjoint
inverse of a square matrix. Consistency,
inconsistency and number of solutions of system of linear equations by examples,
solving system of linear equations in two or three variables (having unique solution) using inverse of a matrix.

UNIT V: Continuity and Differentiability

Continuity and differentiability
derivative of composite functions,
chain rule,
derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions,
derivative of implicit functions
Concept of exponential and logarithmic functions.

UNIT VI: Applications of Derivatives

Applications of derivatives
Rate of change of quantities
monotonic - increasing and decreasing functions
maxima and minima of functions of one variable
tangents and normals,
Rolle’s and Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorems.

UNIT VII: Integrals

Integration as inverse process of differentiation. Integration of a variety of functions by substitution,
by partial fractions and by parts. Evaluation of simple integrals of the following types and problems based on them.
Definite integrals as a limit of a sum,
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (without proof). Basic properties of definite integrals and evaluation of definite integrals

UNIT VIII: Applications of Integrals

Applications in finding the area under simple curves,
especially lines,
circles/parabolas/ellipses (in standard form only),
Area between any of the two above said curves (the region should be clearly identifiable).

UNIT IX: Differential Equations

Definition,
order and degree,
general and particular solutions of a differential equation. Formation of differential equation whose general solution is given. Solution of differential equations by method of separation of variables,
solutions of homogeneous differential equations of first order and first degree.

UNIT X: Vectors

Vectors and scalars,
addition of vectors,
components of a vector in two dimensions and three dimensional space,
scalar and vector products,
scalar and vector triple product.

UNIT XI: Three-Dimensional Geometry

Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line joining two points. Cartesian equation and vector equation of a line,
coplanar and skew lines
shortest distance between two lines. Cartesian and vector equation of a plane,
angle between two planes,
distance of a point from a plane.

UNIT XII: Linear Programming

Introduction,
related terminology such as constraints,
objective function,
optimization,
different types of linear programming (L.P.) problems,
mathematical formulation of L.P. problems,
graphical method of solution for problems in two variables,
feasible and infeasible regions (bounded),
feasible and infeasible solutions,
optimal feasible solutions (up to three non-trivial constraints).

UNIT XIII: Probability

Conditional probability,
multiplication theorem on probability,
independent events,
total probability,
Bayes’ theorem
random variable and its probability distribution
mean and variance of random variable,
Bernoulli trials and binomial distribution.

BIOLOGY-XI

UNIT I: Diversity in Living World

Diversity of living organisms,
Classification of living organisms into five kingdoms,
binomial nomenclature,
salient features and Classification of animals (non-chordates up to phyla and chordates up to class level).

UNIT II: Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants

Tissues
organs,
organ systems and their functions (in earthworm,
cockroach and humans),
anatomy and function of different parts of flowering plants:
Root
stem
leaf
inflorescence,
flower
fruit
and seed.

UNIT III: Cell Structure and Function

Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells,
cell wall
plasma membrane,
cell organelles - structure and function,
Cell Division
mitosis
meiosis,
cell cycle
and significance.

UNIT IV: Plant Physiology

Transport in plants: Movement of water, gases, and nutrients;
cell to cell transport and diffusion; transpiration,
opening and closing of stomata,
translocation of food,
mechanism of absorption and movement of water and nutrients.

UNIT V: Human Physiology

Digestion and absorption,
Breathing and
Respiration
body fluids and circulation
excretory products and their elimination
locomotion and movement.

UNIT VI: Reproduction

Reproduction in organisms: Reproduction,
a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species,
modes of reproduction - asexual and sexual; asexual reproduction - binary fission,
sporulation,
budding,
gemmule formation,
fragmentation; vegetative propagation in plants.

UNIT VII: Genetics and Evolution

Heredity and variation
Mendelian inheritance
deviation from Mendelism - incomplete dominance
co-dominance
multiple alleles
inheritance of blood groups
pleiotropy
elementary idea of polygenic inheritance
chromosome theory of inheritance
chromosomes and genes; linkage,
crossing over and recombination of genes; sex determination - in humans
birds
honey bee

UNIT VIII: Biology and Human Welfare

Health and diseases:
Pathogens
parasites causing human diseases
malaria
dengue,
chickengunya,
filariasis
ascariasis
typhoid
pneumonia
common cold
amoebiasis
ring worm
symptoms and prevention,
immunity;
aids
cancer
coronary artery diseases,
angina,
diabetes
cataract,
glaucoma; primary health centres and hospitals; alcoholism and drug abuse - addiction and treatment;
adolescence
drug and alcohol abuse
prevention and management;
adolescence
drug and alcohol abuse
prevention of substances.

UNIT IX: Biotechnology

Applications of biotechnology in agriculture and medicine:
Human insulin
vaccine production
genetic engineering,
gene therapy
transgenic animals
plant breeding,
tissue culture,
diagnosis of genetic disorders,
immune therapy,
genetic testing.

UNIT X: Ecology and Environment

Organism and environment: Habitat and niche,
population and ecological adaptations; population interactions - mutualism,
competition,
predation,
parasitism; population attributes - growth,
birth rate and death rate,
age distribution.

BIOLOGY-XII

UNIT I: Reproduction in Organisms

Reproduction,
a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species; Modes of reproduction - asexual and sexual; asexual reproduction - binary fission,
sporulation,
budding,
gemmule formation,
fragmentation; vegetative propagation in plants.
Sexual reproduction in flowering plants:
Flower structure
Development of male and female gametophytes
Pollination - types, agencies and examples;
Outbreeding devices
Pollen-Pistil interaction
Double fertilization
Post fertilization events - Development of endosperm and embryo,
Development of seed and formation of fruit
Special modes-apomixis,
parthenocarpy,
polyembryony.