Jharkhand State Board


PHYSICS-XI

UNIT I: Physical World and Measurement

UNIT II: Kinematics

UNIT III: Laws of Motion

UNIT IV: Work, Energy, and Power

UNIT V: Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body

UNIT VI: Gravitation

UNIT VII: Properties of Bulk Matter

UNIT VIII: Thermodynamics

UNIT IX: Behaviour of Perfect Gas and Kinetic Theory

UNIT X: Oscillations and Waves

PHYSICS-XII

UNIT I: Electrostatics

UNIT II: Current Electricity

UNIT III: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

UNIT IV: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents

UNIT V: Electromagnetic Waves

UNIT VI: Optics

UNIT VII: Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation

  • Photoelectric Effect
  • Hertz and Lenard’s observations;
  • Einstein’s photoelectric equation - particle nature of light.

UNIT VIII: Atoms and Nuclei

UNIT IX: Electronic Devices

  • Energy bands in solids (qualitative ideas only),
  • conductors,
  • insulators and semiconductors
  • semiconductor diode - I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias,
  • diode as a rectifier;
  • Special purpose p-n junction diodes: LED,
  • photodiode,
  • solar cell and Zener diode and their characteristics,
  • Zener diode as a voltage regulator.

CHEMISTRY-XI

UNIT I: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

  • Importance of studying chemistry,
  • physical quantities and their measurement in chemistry,
  • laws of chemical combination,
  • atomic and molecular masses,
  • mole concept,
  • molar mass,
  • percentage composition,
  • empirical and molecular formulas,
  • chemical reactions,
  • stoichiometry and calculations based on stoichiometry.

UNIT II: Structure of Atom

UNIT III: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

  • Need for classification of elements,
  • genesis of periodic classification,
  • modern periodic law and present form of periodic table,
  • Nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than 100:
  • Electronic configurations of elements and periodic table and properties:
  • Ionization enthalpy
  • electron gain enthalpy
  • atomic size,
  • electronegativity.

UNIT IV: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

  • Kossel - Lewis approach to chemical bond formation
  • concept of ionic and covalent bonds.
  • Ionic Bonding
  • Lattice energy,
  • Born Haber cycle;
  • Covalent Bonding - The Lewis structure,
  • polar character of covalent bond,
  • valence bond theory,
  • resonance structures,
  • geometry of molecules,
  • VSEPR theory
  • concept of hybridization involving s,
  • p and d orbitals and shapes of some simple molecules,
  • molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules (qualitative idea only),
  • hydrogen bonding.

UNIT V: States of Matter: Gases and Liquids

  • Three states of matter,
  • intermolecular interactions,
  • types of bonding,
  • melting and boiling points.
  • Role of gas laws in elucidating the concept of the molecule,
  • Boyle’s law,
  • Charles’ law,
  • Gay Lussac’s law,
  • Avogadro’s law,
  • ideal behavior of gases,
  • empirical derivation of gas equation,
  • Avogadro number,
  • ideal gas equation,
  • deviation from ideal behavior,
  • liquefaction of gases,
  • critical temperature,
  • kinetic energy,
  • intermolecular forces,
  • the liquid state,
  • vapor pressure,
  • viscosity,
  • surface tension and its effect on the shape of the drop,
  • vaporization of a liquid,
  • evaporation,
  • osmotic pressure,
  • solid state,
  • classification of solids based on different binding forces,
  • amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea),
  • the unit cell in two-dimensional and three-dimensional lattices,
  • calculation of density of unit cell,
  • packing in solids,
  • packing efficiency,
  • voids,
  • number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell,
  • point defects,
  • electrical and magnetic properties.

UNIT VI: Thermodynamics

UNIT VII: Equilibrium

  • Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes,
  • dynamic nature of equilibrium,
  • law of mass action,
  • equilibrium constant,
  • factors affecting equilibrium - Le Chatelier’s principle
  • ionic equilibrium: Ionization of acids and bases,
  • strong and weak electrolytes,
  • degree of ionization,
  • ionization of polybasic acids,
  • acid-base equilibria,
  • factors affecting acid strength and the position of equilibrium,
  • the concept of pH,
  • buffer solutions
  • solubility equilibria of sparingly soluble salts,
  • solubility product,
  • common ion effect (with illustrative examples).

UNIT VIII: Redox Reactions

UNIT IX: Hydrogen

  • Position of hydrogen in periodic table,
  • occurrence,
  • isotopes,
  • preparation,
  • properties and uses of hydrogen;
  • hydrides - ionic,
  • covalent and interstitial;
  • physical and chemical properties of water,
  • heavy water,
  • hydrogen peroxide - preparation,
  • reactions and structure,
  • use of hydrogen peroxide.

UNIT X: s-Block Element (Alkali and Alkaline earth metals)

  • Group 1 and Group 2 elements: General introduction,
  • electronic configuration,
  • occurrence,
  • anomalous properties of the first element of each group,
  • diagonal relationships.

UNIT XI: Some p-Block Elements

  • General introduction to p-Block elements: Group 13 elements: General introduction,
  • electronic configuration,
  • occurrence,
  • variation of properties,
  • oxidation states,
  • trends in chemical reactivity
  • anomalous properties of first element of the group;
  • Boron - physical and chemical properties,
  • some important compounds: borax,
  • boric acid,
  • boron hydrides. Aluminium: Reactions with acids and alkalis,
  • uses.

UNIT XII: Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques

  • General introduction,
  • methods of purification,
  • qualitative and quantitative analysis,
  • classification and IUPAC nomenclature
  • of organic compounds.
  • Electronic displacements in a covalent bond: Inductive effect,
  • electromeric effect,
  • resonance and hyperconjugation.
  • Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: Free radicals,
  • carbocations,
  • carbanions;
  • electrophiles and nucleophiles,
  • types of organic reactions.

UNIT XIII: Hydrocarbons

  • Classification of hydrocarbons,
  • alkanes - nomenclature,
  • isomerism
  • conformation (ethane only),
  • physical properties,
  • chemical reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenation,
  • combustion,
  • preparation of alkanes (from unsaturated hydrocarbons) and Wurtz reaction.
  • Alkenes - nomenclature,
  • structure of double bond (ethene),
  • geometrical isomerism,
  • physical properties,
  • methods of preparation: from alcohols,
  • from alkynes,
  • chemical reactions: addition of hydrogen,
  • halogen,
  • water,
  • hydrogen halides (Markovnikov’s addition and peroxide effect),
  • ozonolysis,
  • oxidation,
  • mechanism of electrophilic addition.
  • Alkynes - nomenclature,
  • structure of triple bond (ethyne),
  • physical properties,
  • methods of preparation: from calcium carbide,
  • from vicinal dihalides,
  • from alkynes,
  • chemical reactions: acidic character of alkynes,
  • addition reaction of - hydrogen,
  • halogen,
  • water and hydrogen halides,
  • polymerization.

UNIT XIV: Environmental Chemistry

  • Environmental pollution: Air,
  • water and soil pollution,
  • chemical reactions in atmosphere,
  • smog,
  • major atmospheric pollutants,
  • acid rain,
  • ozone and its reactions,
  • effects of depletion of ozone layer,
  • greenhouse effect and global warming - pollution due to industrial wastes,
  • green chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution,
  • strategies for controlling environmental pollution.

CHEMISTRY-XII

UNIT I: Solid State

  • Classification of solids based on different binding forces,
  • molecular,
  • ionic,
  • covalent and metallic solids,
  • amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea),
  • unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices,
  • calculation of density of unit cell,
  • packing in solids,
  • packing efficiency,
  • voids,
  • number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell,
  • point defects,
  • electrical and magnetic properties,
  • band theory of metals,
  • conductors,
  • semiconductors and insulators.

UNIT II: Solutions

UNIT III: Electrochemistry

UNIT IV: Chemical Kinetics

UNIT V: Surface Chemistry

  • Adsorption - physisorption and chemisorption;
  • factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids,
  • catalysis,
  • homogenous and heterogeneous activity and selectivity;
  • enzyme catalysis colloidal state - distinction between true solutions,
  • colloids and suspension;
  • lyophilic,
  • lyophobic multimolecular and macromolecular colloids;
  • properties of colloids;
  • Tyndall effect,
  • Brownian movement,
  • electrophoresis,
  • coagulation and peptization;
  • emulsions - types of emulsions.

UNIT VI: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

  • Principles and methods of extraction - concentration,
  • oxidation,
  • reduction - electrolytic method and refining;
  • occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium,
  • copper,
  • zinc and iron.

UNIT VII: p-Block Elements

  • Group 15 elements: General introduction,
  • electronic configuration,
  • occurrence,
  • oxidation states,
  • trends in physical and chemical properties;
  • Nitrogen - preparation,
  • properties and uses;
  • compounds of nitrogen: preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acid,
  • oxides of nitrogen (structure only),
  • preparation,
  • properties,
  • structure and uses of phosphine,
  • halides (PCI3,
  • PCI5) and oxoacids (elementary idea only).

UNIT VIII: d and f Block Elements

UNIT IX: Coordination Compounds

UNIT X: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

  • Haloalkanes - Nomenclature,
  • nature of C-X bond
  • physical and chemical properties,
  • mechanism of substitution reactions,
  • optical rotation.
  • Haloarenes - Nature of C-X bond
  • substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen for monosubstituted compounds only).

UNIT XI: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers

  • Alcohols - Nomenclature,
  • methods of preparation
  • physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only),
  • identification of primary,
  • secondary and tertiary alcohols,
  • mechanism of dehydration,
  • uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol.
  • Phenols - Nomenclature,
  • methods of preparation,
  • physical and chemical properties,
  • acidic nature of phenol,
  • electrophilic substitution reactions,
  • uses of phenols
  • Ethers - Nomenclature,
  • methods of preparation
  • physical and chemical properties,
  • uses

UNIT XII: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

  • Aldehyde and Ketones - Nomenclature,
  • nature of carbonyl group
  • methods of preparation,
  • physical and chemical properties,
  • mechanism of nucleophilic addition,
  • reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes;
  • uses.
  • Carboxylic Acids - Nomenclature,
  • acidic nature,
  • methods of preparation,
  • physical and chemical properties;
  • uses.

UNIT XIII: Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

  • Amines - Nomenclature,
  • classification,
  • structure,
  • methods of preparation,
  • physical and chemical properties,
  • uses,
  • identification of primary,
  • secondary and tertiary amines.
  • Cyanides and Isocyanides - Nomenclature,
  • structure,
  • methods of preparation,
  • physical and chemical properties,
  • uses.
  • Diazonium Salts - Preparation,
  • chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.

UNIT XIV: Biomolecules

UNIT XV: Polymers

  • Classification - natural and synthetic,
  • methods of polymerization (addition and condensation),
  • copolymerization,
  • some important polymers: natural and synthetic like polythene,
  • nylon,
  • polyesters,
  • bakelite,
  • rubber.

UNIT XVI: Chemistry in Everyday Life

  • Chemicals in medicines - analgesics,
  • tranquilizers,
  • antiseptics,
  • disinfectants,
  • antimicrobials,
  • antifertility drugs,
  • antibiotics,
  • antacids,
  • antihistamines.
  • Chemicals in food - preservatives,
  • artificial sweetening agents,
  • elementary idea of antioxidants.
  • Cleansing agents - soaps and detergents,
  • cleansing action.

MATHEMATICS-XI

UNIT I: Sets and Functions

UNIT II: Algebra

  • Principle of mathematical induction,
  • types of induction,
  • proof by induction,
  • binomial theorem for a positive integral index
  • general and middle term,
  • properties of binomial coefficients,
  • Pascal’s triangle,
  • arithmetic,
  • geometric and harmonic progression.

UNIT III: Coordinate Geometry

UNIT IV: Calculus

  • Limits
  • derivatives,
  • continuity and differentiability
  • mean value theorem,
  • chain rule,
  • concept of exponential and logarithmic functions,
  • derivatives of exponential and logarithmic functions.

UNIT V: Mathematical Reasoning

  • Statements,
  • logical operations,
  • compound statements,
  • negation,
  • conjunction,
  • disjunction,
  • implication,
  • equivalence,
  • truth tables,
  • tautology,
  • contradiction,
  • logical equivalence,
  • proof of implication,
  • problems related to logic.

UNIT VI: Statistics and Probability

  • Measures of dispersion,
  • range,
  • mean deviation,
  • standard deviation of ungrouped and grouped data,
  • variance,
  • analysis of frequency distribution with equal means but different variances,
  • concept of probability,
  • addition theorem,
  • multiplication theorem,
  • conditional probability,
  • independent events,
  • Bayes’ theorem

MATHEMATICS-XII

UNIT I: Relations and Functions

UNIT II: Inverse Trigonometric Functions

UNIT III: Matrices

  • Concept,
  • notation,
  • order,
  • equality,
  • types of matrices
  • zero matrix,
  • transpose of a matrix,
  • symmetric and skew symmetric matrices. Operation on matrices: Addition and multiplication and multiplication with a scalar. Simple properties of addition,
  • multiplication and scalar multiplication. Non-commutativity of multiplication of matrices and existence of non-zero matrices whose product is the zero matrix (restrict to square matrices of order 2). Concept of elementary row and column operations. Invertible matrices and proof of the uniqueness of inverse, if it exists; (Here all matrices will have real entries).

UNIT IV: Determinants

UNIT V: Continuity and Differentiability

UNIT VI: Application of Derivatives

  • Rate of change of bodies,
  • increasing and decreasing functions
  • tangents and normals,
  • use of derivatives in approximation,
  • maxima and minima (first derivative test motivated geometrically and second derivative test given as a provable tool). Simple problems (that illustrate basic principles and understanding of the subject as well as real-life situations).

UNIT VII: Integrals

  • Integration as inverse process of differentiation. Integration of a variety of functions by substitution,
  • by partial fractions and by parts,
  • Evaluation of simple integrals of the following types and problems based on them.

UNIT VIII: Applications of Integrals

  • Applications in finding the area under simple curves,
  • especially lines,
  • circles/parabolas/ellipses (in standard form only),
  • Area between any of the two above said curves (the region should be clearly identifiable).

UNIT IX: Differential Equations

  • Definition,
  • order and degree,
  • general and particular solutions of a differential equation. Formation of differential equation whose general solution is given. Solution of differential equations by method of separation of variables,
  • solutions of homogeneous differential equations of first order and first degree.

UNIT X: Vectors

  • Vectors and scalars,
  • addition of vectors,
  • components of a vector in two dimensions and three-dimensional space,
  • scalar and vector products,
  • scalar and vector triple product.

UNIT XI: Three-dimensional Geometry

  • Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line joining two points. Cartesian equation and vector equation of a line,
  • coplanar and skew lines
  • shortest distance between two lines. Cartesian and vector equation of a plane,
  • distance of a point from a plane.

UNIT XII: Linear Programming

  • Introduction,
  • related terminology such as constraints,
  • objective function,
  • optimization,
  • different types of linear programming (L.P.) problems,
  • mathematical formulation of L.P. problems,
  • graphical method of solution for problems in two variables,
  • feasible and infeasible regions (bounded),
  • feasible and infeasible solutions,
  • optimal feasible solutions (up to three non-trivial constraints).

UNIT XIII: Probability

  • Conditional probability,
  • multiplication theorem on probability,
  • independent events,
  • total probability,
  • Bayes’ theorem
  • random variable and its probability distribution,
  • mean and variance of random variable.

BIOLOGY-XI

UNIT I: Diversity in Living World

  • What is living,
  • biodiversity
  • Need for classification;
  • Three domains of life;
  • Taxonomy and Systematics;
  • Concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy;
  • Binomial nomenclature;
  • Tools for study of Taxonomy - Museums,
  • Zoos,
  • Herbaria,
  • Botanical gardens.

UNIT II: Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants

UNIT III: Cell Structure and Function

UNIT IV: Plant Physiology

  • Transport in plants: Movement of water,
  • gases and nutrients;
  • Cell to cell transport,
  • Diffusion,
  • facilitated diffusion,
  • active transport;
  • Plant - water relations,
  • imbibition,
  • water potential,
  • osmosis,
  • plasmolysis;
  • Long distance transport of water - Absorption,
  • apoplast,
  • symplast,
  • transpiration pull,
  • root
  • pressure and guttation;
  • Transpiration,
  • opening and closing of stomata;
  • Uptake and translocation of mineral nutrients - Transport of food,
  • phloem transport,
  • mass flow hypothesis.

UNIT V: Human Physiology

BIOLOGY-XII

UNIT I: Reproduction

  • Reproduction in organisms - Types of reproduction,
  • asexual reproduction,
  • sexual reproduction;
  • Modes of reproduction - fission,
  • fragmentation,
  • regeneration,
  • budding,
  • vegetative propagation in plants;
  • Human reproduction - Male and female reproductive systems
  • Menstrual cycle
  • Fertilisation
  • embryo development upto blastocyst formation,
  • implantation
  • Pregnancy and embryonic development,
  • parturition and lactation;
  • Reproductive health - Need for reproductive health,
  • population explosion and birth control,
  • medical termination of pregnancy (MTP),
  • Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) - infertility.

UNIT II: Genetics and Evolution

UNIT III: Biology and Human Welfare

  • Health and its failure: infectious and non-infectious diseases,
  • drugs - alcoholism and drug abuse - addiction and prevention;
  • Basic concepts of immunology
  • vaccines
  • Cancer - causes and remedies;
  • Adolescent problems: obesity,
  • drug addiction;
  • Biomedical technologies - synthetic insulin,
  • artificial limbs,
  • pace-maker,
  • artificial kidney,
  • cataract lens,
  • gene therapy

UNIT XI: Biotechnology and Its Applications

UNIT V: Ecology and Environment

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