Himachal Pradesh State Board
PHYSICS-XI
UNIT I: Physical World and Measurement
- Physical Quantities:
- Fundamental and derived quantities
- units,
- Dimensional analysis
- Measurement: Accuracy,
- precision,
- significant figures
UNIT II: Kinematics
- Motion in One Dimension: Displacement,
- velocity,
- acceleration,
- equations of motion
- Motion in Two Dimensions:
- Projectile motion
- relative velocity
- Uniform Circular Motion
- Angular velocity,
- centripetal acceleration
UNIT III: Laws of Motion
- Newton’s Laws: First, second, and third laws
- Friction
- Types,
- coefficient,
- applications
UNIT IV: Work, Energy, and Power
- Work: Definition,
- work-energy theorem
- Energy:
- Kinetic energy
- potential energy
- conservation
- Power
- Definition,
- calculation
UNIT V: Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body
- Centre of mass
- Definition,
- calculation
- Linear Momentum: Conservation,
- impulse-momentum theorem
- Rotational Motion: Angular velocity,
- moment of inertia
- torque
- angular momentum
UNIT VI: Gravitation
- Universal Law of Gravitation: Formula,
- applications
- Gravitational Potential Energy
- Calculation,
- properties
- Satellite Motion
- Orbital velocity
- geostationary satellites
UNIT VII: Properties of Bulk Matter
- Elasticity:
- Stress-strain relationship
- Young’s modulus
- Surface Tension: Definition,
- units
- Viscosity
- Coefficient of viscosity
UNIT VIII: Thermodynamics
- Laws of Thermodynamics: Zeroth,
- first,
- second laws
- Heat:
- Specific heat capacity
- latent heat
- Entropy: Concept,
- calculation
UNIT IX: Behaviour of Perfect Gas and Kinetic Theory
- Gas Laws: Boyle’s law,
- Charles’s law,
- ideal gas law
- Kinetic Theory: Postulates,
- real gas deviations
UNIT X: Oscillations and Waves
- Simple harmonic motion
- Characteristics,
- equations
- Waves: Types,
- speed,
- frequency,
- wavelength
- Sound: Properties,
- Doppler effect
UNIT XI: Electromagnetic Waves
- Nature of Electromagnetic Waves: Speed,
- spectrum
- Applications: Communication,
- medical applications
UNIT XII: Optics
- Ray Optics: Laws of reflection and refraction,
- lenses,
- mirrors,
- optical instruments
- Wave Optics
- Interference
- diffraction,
- polarization of light
PHYSICS-XII
UNIT I: Electrostatics
- Electric Charges
- Coulomb’s law
- electric field
- electric potential
- Capacitance
- Capacitors
- capacitance of parallel plates
- series and parallel combinations
UNIT II: Current Electricity
- Electric Current
- Ohm’s law
- resistance,
- resistivity
- Circuits:
- Kirchhoff’s laws
- analysis of circuits,
- heating effect of current
UNIT III: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
- Magnetic Fields: Sources,
- properties,
- Earth’s magnetic field
- Electromagnetic Induction: Faraday’s laws
- Lenz’s law
- self and mutual induction
UNIT IV: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents
- AC Circuits: Reactance,
- impedance,
- resonance
- Induction: Transformers,
- alternating current (AC) generators
UNIT V: Optics
- Ray Optics: Reflection,
- refraction,
- lenses,
- mirrors,
- optical instruments
- Wave Optics
- Interference
- diffraction,
- polarization
UNIT VI: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
- Photoelectric Effect
- Einstein’s explanation,
- applications
- Wave-Particle Duality: de Broglie hypothesis
UNIT VII: Atoms and Nuclei
- Atomic Models: Rutherford,
- Bohr,
- quantum mechanical model
- Radioactivity: Types,
- decay laws,
- half-life,
- applications
UNIT VIII: Electronic Devices
- Semiconductors
- Diodes,
- transistors,
- their working and applications
- Electronic Components: Rectifiers,
- amplifiers,
- logic gates
CHEMISTRY-XI
UNIT I: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
- Mole Concept: Definition,
- molar mass,
- stoichiometry
- Laws of Chemical Combination: Conservation of mass,
- definite and multiple proportions
UNIT II: Structure of Atom
- Atomic Models: Rutherford,
- Bohr
- Quantum Numbers: Types,
- electron configuration
UNIT III: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
- Periodic Table: Classification,
- periodic trends
UNIT IV: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
- Types of Bonds: Ionic,
- covalent,
- metallic
- Molecular Shapes:
- VSEPR theory
- hybridization
UNIT V: States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
- Gas Laws: Ideal gas law,
- real gases
- Liquids: Vapor pressure,
- surface tension
UNIT VI: Thermodynamics
- Thermodynamic Processes: Isothermal,
- adiabatic
- Enthalpy
- Calculation,
- Hess’s law
- Gibbs Free Energy: Concept,
- applications
UNIT VII: Equilibrium
- Chemical Equilibrium
- Dynamic nature,
- equilibrium constant,
- Le Chatelier’s principle
- Ionic Equilibrium: pH,
- buffer solutions
- solubility product
UNIT VIII: Redox Reactions
- Oxidation and Reduction: Definitions,
- balancing redox reactions
- Electrochemical Cells: Galvanic cells,
- electrolytic cells,
- standard electrode potentials
UNIT IX: Hydrogen and s-Block Elements
- Hydrogen: Properties,
- reactions,
- isotopes
- s-Block Elements: Properties,
- reactions,
- uses of alkali and alkaline earth metals
UNIT X: Organic Chemistry
- Classification and Nomenclature:
- Alkanes
- Alkenes
- Alkynes
- aromatic hydrocarbons
- Organic Reactions: Mechanisms,
- types (addition,
- substitution,
- elimination)
UNIT XI: Environmental Chemistry
- Pollution: Types (air, water, soil),
- causes,
- effects,
- control measures
- Green Chemistry: Principles,
- applications
CHEMISTRY-XII
UNIT I: Solid State
- Types of Solids: Crystalline,
- amorphous
- Crystal Lattices: Unit cells,
- packing efficiency,
- types of crystal structures
UNIT II: Solutions
- Concentrations: Molarity,
- molality,
- normality
- Colligative Properties
- Boiling point elevation,
- freezing point depression,
- osmotic pressure
UNIT III: Electrochemistry
- Electrochemical Cells
- Galvanic cells
- electrolytic cells
- standard electrode potentials
- Electrolysis: Faraday’s laws,
- applications
UNIT IV: Chemical Kinetics
- Rate of Reactions: Factors affecting rates
- Rate laws
- order of reaction
- Activation Energy
- Arrhenius equation,
- concept of activation energy
UNIT V: Surface Chemistry
- Adsorption: Types (physisorption,
- chemisorption),
- applications
- Catalysis: Homogeneous,
- heterogeneous,
- mechanisms
UNIT VI: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
- Metallurgy: Extraction,
- purification methods,
- ores,
- processes involved
UNIT VII: p-Block Elements
- Groups 15 and 16 Elements: Properties,
- reactions,
- compounds
UNIT VIII: d and f Block Elements
- Transition Elements: Properties,
- compounds,
- applications
- Lanthanoids and Actinoids: Characteristics,
- uses
UNIT IX: Coordination Compounds
- Ligands
- Types,
- Coordination Number
- Bonding Theories: Valence bond theory (VBT),
- crystal field theory (CFT)
UNIT X: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
- Nomenclature: Properties,
- reactions,
- mechanisms
UNIT XI: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
UNIT XII: Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen
- Amines: Classification,
- properties,
- reactions
- Cyanides and Isocyanides: Properties,
- reactions
UNIT XIII: Biomolecules
- Carbohydrates
- Types,
- structure,
- functions
- Proteins
- Structure,
- functions,
- types
- Nucleic Acids: DNA, RNA, their roles in genetics
UNIT XIV: Polymers
- Types: Addition,
- condensation
- Polymerization: Methods,
- properties,
- uses
UNIT XV: Chemistry in Everyday Life
- Applications: Pharmaceuticals,
- food,
- cleaning agents,
- environmental impact
MATHEMATICS-XI
UNIT I: Sets and Functions
- Sets
- Definition,
- types,
- operations,
- Venn diagrams
- Functions
- Domain,
- range,
- types (one-to-one, onto)
- composition,
- inverse
UNIT II: Algebra
- Complex Numbers:
- Basic operations,
- polar form
- Quadratic Equations: Solutions,
- nature of roots
- Arithmetic Progressions (AP)
- nth term,
- sum of n terms
- Geometric Progressions (GP)
- nth term,
- sum of n terms
- Binomial Theorem
- Expansion,
- general term
- Permutations and Combinations
- Basic principles,
- counting methods
UNIT III: Coordinate Geometry
- Straight Lines: Equation,
- slope,
- intercepts
- Circles: Equation,
- tangent properties
- Conic Sections: Parabola,
- ellipse,
- hyperbola - standard forms
- Three-Dimensional Geometry
- Coordinates,
- distance formula
- section formula
UNIT IV: Calculus
- Limits
- Definition,
- standard limits
- Differentiation: Techniques,
- derivatives of standard functions,
- applications
- Applications: Rate of change,
- tangents,
- normals
UNIT V: Statistics and Probability
- Statistics: Mean,
- median,
- mode,
- variance,
- standard deviation
- Probability: Basic concepts,
- probability axioms,
- conditional probability,
- Bayes’ theorem
UNIT VI: Linear Inequalities
- Linear Inequalities in Two Variables: Graphical representation,
- solutions
- Applications: Real-life problems
UNIT VII: Conic Sections
- Parabola: Standard form,
- properties
- Ellipse: Standard form,
- properties
- Hyperbola: Standard form,
- properties
UNIT VIII: Three-Dimensional Geometry
- Coordinates:
- Distance formula
- section formula
- Planes and Lines: Equations of planes and lines,
- distance between a point and a plane
MATHEMATICS-XII
UNIT I: Relations and Functions
- Relations
- Definition,
- types,
- domain,
- range
- Functions
- one-one, into and onto functions
- bijective,
- composition,
- inverse functions
- Graphs of Functions: Transformations,
- sketching
UNIT II: Algebra
- Matrices
- Operations,
- inverse,
- applications
- Determinants
- Properties,
- Cramer’s rule,
- adjoint
- Sequences and Series:
- Arithmetic Progression (AP)
- Geometric Progression (GP)
- sums
- Binomial Theorem
- Expansion,
- general term,
- properties
UNIT III: Calculus
- Differentiation: Techniques,
- derivatives of standard functions,
- applications (tangent,
- normal)
- Integration: Techniques (substitution,
- partial fractions),
- definite and indefinite integrals,
- applications (area,
- volume)
UNIT IV: Vectors and Three-Dimensional Geometry
- Vectors
- Scalar and vector products,
- dot and cross products
- Three-Dimensional Geometry
- Coordinates,
- distance formula
- section formula
- lines and planes
UNIT V: Probability
- Probability Distributions: Binomial,
- normal distributions
- Conditional Probability:
- Bayes’ theorem
- applications
BIOLOGY-XI
UNIT I: Diversity in Living World
- Classification: Hierarchical classification,
- taxonomic ranks
- Kingdoms: Characteristics of plants,
- animals,
- microorganisms
UNIT II: Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants
- Animal Tissues
- Types and functions
- Plant Tissues
- Types and functions
- Morphology
- Anatomy: Structures in plants and animals
UNIT III: Cell Structure and Function
- Cell Theory: Postulates
- Organelles: Functions and structure
- Cell Division
- Mitosis
- meiosis
UNIT IV: Plant Physiology
- Transport: Xylem,
- phloem,
- transpiration
- Photosynthesis
- Light-dependent and independent reactions
- Respiration
- Aerobic,
- anaerobic,
- glycolysis,
- Krebs cycle
- Growth and Development: Hormones,
- growth regulators
UNIT V: Human Physiology
- Digestive System: Anatomy and processes
- Respiratory System: Mechanisms and gas exchange
- Circulatory System: Heart,
- blood vessels,
- blood
- Excretory System:
- Organs and processes
- Nervous System
- Structure and function
BIOLOGY-XII
UNIT I: Reproduction
- Plant Reproduction: Types,
- processes,
- methods
- Animal Reproduction: Human reproductive health,
- reproductive technologies
UNIT II: Genetics and Evolution
- Inheritance: Mendelian genetics,
- genetic disorders
- Evolution: Theories,
- evidence,
- mechanisms of evolution
UNIT III: Biology and Human Welfare
- Health: Diseases (causes, prevention, control),
- immunity
- Food Production: Agriculture,
- biotechnology,
- sustainable practices
UNIT IV: Biotechnology and Its Applications
- Genetic Engineering: Techniques
- applications in medicine and agriculture
- Biotechnology in Medicine:
- Vaccines
- gene therapy
- diagnostic tools
UNIT V: Ecology and Environment
- Ecosystems: Structure,
- functions,
- energy flow
- Biodiversity
- Conservation,
- environmental issues,
- sustainable development
BETA
