Haryana State Board
PHYSICS-XI
UNIT I: Physical World and Measurement
- Scope and excitement of physics,
- physics, technology, and society,
- fundamental forces in nature,
- units and measurements
- systems of units
- SI units
- fundamental and derived units
UNIT II: Kinematics
- Frame of reference,
- motion in a straight line
- Position-time graph
- speed and velocity
- uniformly accelerated motion
- relative velocity
UNIT III: Laws of Motion
- Newton’s Laws of Motion
- conservation of momentum,
- Friction
- circular motion.
UNIT IV: Work, Energy, and Power
- Work done by a constant force and a variable force
- kinetic and potential energy
- work-energy theorem
- power
UNIT V: Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body
- Centre of mass
- linear momentum,
- torque
- angular momentum
- equilibrium of rigid bodies
UNIT VI: Gravitation
UNIT VII: Properties of Bulk Matter
- Elastic behavior,
- stress-strain relationship
- Hooke’s law
- Young’s modulus
- bulk modulus
- surface tension,
- viscosity
UNIT VIII: Thermodynamics
- Laws of thermodynamics,
- thermal equilibrium
- heat transfer,
- specific heat capacity
- entropy,
- heat engines,
- refrigerators.
UNIT IX: Behaviour of Perfect Gas and Kinetic Theory
- Equation of state of a perfect gas
- kinetic theory of gases,
- assumptions,
- pressure of an ideal gas.
UNIT X: Oscillations and Waves
- Periodic motion
- Simple harmonic motion
- damped and forced oscillations,
- resonance,
- wave motion
- types of waves,
- Doppler effect.
PHYSICS-XII
UNIT I: Electrostatics
- Electric charges
- and their conservation
- Coulomb’s law
- electric field
- electric field due to a point charge,
- electric field lines,
- electric dipole
- electric flux
- Gauss’s theorem and its applications.
UNIT II: Current Electricity
- Electric current
- Ohm’s law
- electrical resistance
- series and parallel combinations of resistors
- Kirchhoff’s laws and their applications
- Wheatstone bridge
- meter bridge
UNIT III: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
- Biot-Savart law and its application,
- Ampere’s law
- its applications,
- magnetic field due to a current-carrying circular loop,
- force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields
- cyclotron.
UNIT IV: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents
- Electromagnetic induction, Faraday’s laws
- induced EMF and current
- Lenz’s law
- Eddy currents
- self and mutual inductance
- alternating currents
- AC generator
- transformer
UNIT V: Electromagnetic Waves
- Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics
- transverse nature of electromagnetic waves
- electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves,
- microwaves,
- infrared,
- visible,
- ultraviolet,
- X-rays,
- gamma rays),
- applications.
UNIT VI: Optics
- Reflection and refraction of light,
- total internal reflection,
- optical instruments (microscopes, telescopes),
- wave nature of light,
- Huygens’ principle,
- interference
- Young’s double slit experiment,
- diffraction due to a single slit
- resolving power of microscope and telescope.
UNIT VII: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
- Photoelectric Effect
- Einstein’s photoelectric equation,
- particle nature of light,
- matter waves,
- de Broglie hypothesis,
- Davisson-Germer experiment.
UNIT VIII: Atoms and Nuclei
- Alpha-particle scattering experiment
- Rutherford’s model of atom
- Bohr model
- energy levels,
- hydrogen spectrum,
- composition and size of nucleus
- radioactivity,
- alpha,
- beta and gamma rays,
- decay law,
- half-life,
- nuclear reactions,
- fission and fusion processes.
UNIT IX: Electronic Devices
- Semiconductor materials,
- p-n junction diode,
- semiconductor diode Characteristics,
- diode as a rectifier,
- special-purpose p-n junction diodes: LED,
- photodiode,
- solar cell,
- Zener diode as a voltage regulator,
- junction transistor,
- transistor action,
- transistor as an amplifier (CE configuration),
- transistor as a switch.
CHEMISTRY-XI
UNIT I: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
- Importance of Chemistry,
- solid,
- liquid,
- gas,
- physical and chemical changes.
UNIT II: Structure of Atom
- Discovery of electron,
- proton,
- neutron,
- atomic number,
- isotopes,
- isobars,
- Bohr’s model of hydrogen atom
- quantum mechanical model of atom
UNIT III: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
- Periodic table,
- periodic trends in properties of elements,
- atomic and ionic radii,
- ionization enthalpy
- electron gain enthalpy
- electronegativity.
UNIT IV: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
- Ionic and covalent bonding
- Lewis structure,
- VSEPR theory
- molecular orbital theory,
- hydrogen bonding,
- metallic bonding.
UNIT V: States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
- Gas laws,
- kinetic theory of gases,
- deviation from ideal behaviour,
- liquefaction of gases,
- properties of liquids,
- vapour pressure,
- surface tension,
- viscosity.
UNIT VI: Thermodynamics
- Laws of thermodynamics,
- enthalpy
- entropy,
- Gibbs free energy,
- spontaneity of chemical processes,
- Chemical Equilibrium
- Le Chatelier’s principle
UNIT VII: Equilibrium
- Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes,
- dynamic nature of equilibrium,
- law of mass action,
- equilibrium constant,
- factors affecting equilibrium,
- ionic equilibrium,
- pH scale
UNIT VIII: Redox Reactions
- Oxidation,
- reduction,
- oxidation number
- balancing redox reactions
- electrochemical series,
- electrode potential,
- Nernst equation,
- corrosion and its prevention.
UNIT IX: Hydrogen
- Position of hydrogen in periodic table,
- isotopes of hydrogen,
- properties and uses of hydrogen,
- hydrides,
- water,
- heavy water,
- hydrogen peroxide.
UNIT X: s-Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals)
- Group 1 and Group 2 elements,
- occurrence,
- electronic configuration,
- trends in properties,
- reactions with water,
- oxides and halides,
- uses.
UNIT X: Some p-Block Elements
- Properties and Trends
- Compounds of p-Block Elements
UNIT X: Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles and Techniques
- Classification and Nomenclature
- Methods of Preparation
- Reactions and Mechanisms
UNIT X: Hydrocarbons
UNIT X: Environmental Chemistry
- Pollution and Control
- Green Chemistry
- Sustainable Practices
CHEMISTRY-XII
UNIT I: Solid State
- Classification of solids,
- crystal lattice and unit cell,
- packing in solids,
- voids,
- calculations involving unit cell dimensions,
- imperfections in solids,
- electrical,
- magnetic and dielectric properties.
UNIT II: Solutions
- Types of solutions,
- expressions of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids,
- solubility of gases in liquids,
- solid solutions,
- colligative properties
- abnormal molecular masses,
- van’t Hoff factor.
UNIT III: Electrochemistry
- Electrochemical cells
- cell reactions,
- Galvanic cells
- measurement of EMF of a cell,
- Nernst equation,
- conductance of electrolytic solutions,
- Faraday’s laws of electrolysis,
- conductivity cells,
- batteries.
UNIT IV: Chemical Kinetics
- Rate of a reaction (average and instantaneous)
- factors affecting rates of reaction
- Rate laws
- their experimental determination,
- integrated rate equations,
- half-life (only for zero and first-order reactions),
- concept of collision theory.
UNIT V: Surface Chemistry
- Adsorption,
- physisorption and chemisorption,
- factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids,
- catalysis,
- homogeneous and heterogeneous activity and selectivity,
- enzyme catalysis,
- colloidal state,
- distinction between true solutions,
- colloids and suspension,
- properties of colloids,
- Tyndall effect,
- Brownian movement,
- electrophoresis,
- coagulation.
UNIT VI: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
- Principles and methods of extraction - concentration,
- oxidation,
- reduction - electrolytic method and refining; occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminum,
- copper,
- zinc,
- iron,
- lead,
- and magnesium.
UNIT VII: p-Block Elements
- Group 15 elements: General introduction,
- electronic configuration,
- occurrence,
- oxidation states,
- trends in physical and chemical properties; nitrogen,
- preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acid,
- oxides of nitrogen (structure only); Phosphorus - allotropic forms,
- compounds of phosphorus,
- preparation and properties of phosphine,
- halides (PCl3, PCl5) and oxoacids (elementary idea only).
UNIT VIII: d and f Block Elements
- Transition elements: General introduction
- electronic configuration
- occurrence
- Characteristics of transition metals,
- general trends in properties of the first-row transition metals - metallic character,
- ionization enthalpy,
- oxidation states,
- atomic radii
- colour
- catalytic property,
- magnetic properties
- interstitial compounds,
- alloy formation,
- preparation and properties of $K_2Cr_2O_7$ and $KMnO_4$
UNIT IX: Coordination Compounds
- Coordination compounds: Introduction,
- ligands
- Coordination Number
- colour,
- magnetic properties and shapes,
- IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds
- bonding,
- Werner’s theory
- VBT,
- CFT; structure and stereoisomerism,
- biological importance of coordination compounds (metalloproteins and hemoglobin,
- electronic spectra of metal complexes).
UNIT X: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
- Haloalkanes: Nomenclature
- nature of C-X bond
- physical and chemical properties,
- mechanism of substitution reactions,
- optical rotation.
- Haloarenes:
- Nature of C-X bond
- substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen in monosubstituted compounds only),
- uses and environmental effects of dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT.
UNIT XI: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
- Alcohols
- Nomenclature,
- methods of preparation
- physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only),
- identification of primary,
- secondary and tertiary alcohols,
- mechanism of dehydration,
- uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol.
- Phenols
- Nomenclature,
- methods of preparation
- physical and chemical properties,
- acidic nature of phenol,
- electrophilic substitution reactions,
- uses of phenols
- Ethers
- Nomenclature,
- methods of preparation
- physical and chemical properties,
- uses
UNIT XII: Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen
- Amines: Nomenclature
- Classification,
- structure,
- methods of preparation,
- physical and chemical properties, uses,
- identification of primary,
- secondary and tertiary amines.
- Cyanides and Isocyanides: Nomenclature,
- methods of preparation,
- physical and chemical properties, uses.
- Diazonium Salts
- Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.
UNIT XIII: Biomolecules
- Carbohydrates:
- Classification (aldoses and ketoses),
- monosaccharides (glucose and fructose),
- oligosaccharides (sucrose,
- lactose,
- maltose),
- polysaccharides (starch,
- cellulose,
- glycogen),
- importance of carbohydrates.
- Proteins
- Elementary idea of a-amino acids,
- peptide bond, polypeptides
- proteins,
- primary,
- secondary,
- tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins (qualitative idea only),
- denaturation of proteins,
- enzymes
- co-enzymes,
- their mechanism of action,
- activation energy,
- enzymes specificity
- enzyme cofactors,
- enzyme inhibition,
- isozymes.
- Vitamins
- Classification and functions.
- Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA
- replication,
- transcription,
- genetic code,
- gene expression and regulation.
UNIT XIV: Polymers
- Classification: Natural and synthetic,
- methods of polymerization (addition and condensation),
- copolymerization,
- some important polymers: natural rubber, cellulose, nylon, teflon, polythene, bakelite, PVC.
UNIT XV: Chemistry in Everyday Life
- Chemicals in medicines - analgesics,
- tranquilizers,
- antiseptics,
- disinfectants,
- antimicrobials,
- antifertility drugs,
- antibiotics,
- antacids,
- antihistamines,
- chemical in food - preservatives,
- artificial sweetening agents,
- elementary idea of antioxidants,
- cleansing agents - soaps and detergents,
- cleansing action.
MATHEMATICS-XI
UNIT I: Sets and Functions
- Sets: Sets and their representations
- types of sets
- subsets
- operations on sets,
- Venn diagrams.
- Relations and
- Functions
- Types of relations
- reflexive,
- symmetric,
- transitive relations,
- functions
- types of functions (one-one, onto, and many-one)
- composite functions,
- inverse of a function.
UNIT II: Algebra
- Principle of Mathematical Induction,
- Complex Numbers
- quadratic equations,
- linear inequalities,
- permutation and combination,
- binomial theorem,
- sequence and series.
UNIT III: Coordinate Geometry
- Straight lines,
- conic sections (circles,
- parabola,
- ellipse,
- hyperbola),
- introduction to three-dimensional geometry.
UNIT IV: Calculus
- Limits
- derivatives,
- mathematical reasoning.
UNIT V: Statistics and Probability
- Statistics: Measures of dispersion,
- range,
- mean deviation,
- variance,
- standard deviation.
- Probability: Random experiments,
- events,
- classical definition of probability,
- conditional probability,
- Bayes’ theorem
- probability distribution.
MATHEMATICS-XII
UNIT I: Relations and Functions
- Relations
- Types of relations
- reflexive,
- symmetric,
- transitive relations.
- Functions
- Types of functions (one-one, into and onto functions, and many-one)
- composite functions,
- inverse of a function.
UNIT II: Algebra
- Matrices
- Types of matrices
- operations on matrices
- inverse of a matrix,
- Determinants
- Properties of determinants
- area of triangles.
- Continuity and Differentiability
- Continuity and differentiability of functions,
- derivatives of composite functions,
- chain rule,
- derivative of inverse trigonometric functions
UNIT III: Calculus
- Applications of Derivatives
- Rate of change of quantities
- increasing and decreasing functions
- tangents and normals,
- maxima and minima.
- Integrals: Integration as an inverse process of differentiation,
- integration by substitution,
- by parts,
- definite integrals and their properties,
- fundamental theorem of calculus
UNIT IV: Vectors and Three-Dimensional Geometry
- Vectors: Vectors and scalars,
- addition of vectors,
- components of a vector in two dimensions and three-dimensional space,
- scalar and vector products,
- scalar triple product.
- Three-Dimensional Geometry
- Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line joining two points,
- equations of lines and planes in space.
UNIT V: Linear Programming
- Introduction to Linear Programming (L.P.),
- mathematical formulation of L.P. problems,
- graphical method of solution for problems in two variables,
- feasible and infeasible regions,
- feasible and infeasible solutions,
- optimal feasible solutions (up to three non-trivial constraints).
UNIT VI: Probability
- Conditional probability,
- multiplication theorem on probability,
- independent events,
- total probability,
- Bayes’ theorem
- random variables and its probability distribution,
- mean and variance of random variables,
- Bernoulli trials and Binomial distribution.
BIOLOGY-XI
UNIT I: Diversity of Living Organisms
- Classification of living organisms,
- biological Classification (five kingdom Classification system),
- plant and animal kingdom Classification.
UNIT II: Structural Organisation in Plants and Animals
- Morphology
- anatomy of flowering plants,
- animal tissues
- plant tissues
UNIT III: Cell Structure and Function
- Cell theory,
- structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells,
- cell organelles and their functions,
- Cell Division
- mitosis
- meiosis.
UNIT IV: Plant Physiology
- Transport in plants: Absorption of water,
- ascent of sap,
- transpiration,
- translocation of food.
- Photosynthesis
- Photosynthetic pigments,
- light and dark reactions,
- factors affecting photosynthesis
- Respiration
- Aerobic and anaerobic respiration
- respiratory quotient
UNIT V: Human Physiology
- Digestion and absorption: Digestive system,
- enzymes,
- absorption of nutrients.
- Breathing and
- Respiration
- Respiratory system,
- mechanism of breathing,
- exchange of gases.
- Body fluids and circulation
- Circulatory system,
- blood groups
- lymphatic system.
- Excretory products and their elimination
- Excretory System
- urine formation
- osmoregulation.
BIOLOGY-XII
UNIT I: Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
- Flower structure
- reproduction,
- pollination,
- fertilization,
- development of embryo,
- seed and fruit formation,
- parthenocarpy,
- apomixis.
Human Reproduction
- Male and female reproductive systems
- gametogenesis,
- menstrual cycle
- fertilization,
- implantation
- pregnancy,
- parturition,
- lactation.
Reproductive Health
- Problems and strategies: Infertility,
- contraception,
- sexually transmitted diseases (STDs),
- AIDS,
- reproductive technologies - amniocentesis,
- in vitro fertilization (IVF),
- contraception methods.
UNIT II: Genetics and Evolution
Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Mendelian inheritance
- deviations from Mendelian inheritance
- incomplete dominance
- co-dominance
- multiple alleles
- inheritance of blood groups
- pleiotropy
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- Structure of DNA
- RNA
- replication,
- transcription
- genetic code
- translation
- regulation of gene expression,
- human genome project.
Evolution
- Origin of life,
- theories of evolution - Lamarckism,
- Darwinism,
- evidences of evolution,
- Hardy-Weinberg principle,
- adaptive radiation
- human evolution
UNIT III: Biology and Human Welfare
- Health and Disease
- Pathogens
- types of diseases,
- immunity - innate and acquired immunity,
- vaccination,
- cancer
- AIDS,
- drug abuse.
Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
- Plant breeding,
- tissue culture,
- single-cell protein,
- biofortification,
- aquaculture,
- animal husbandry.
UNIT IV: Biotechnology and Its Applications
Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
- Genetic engineering
- tools of recombinant DNA technology
- gene therapy
- DNA fingerprinting,
- bioprocessing.
Applications of Biotechnology in Agriculture
- GM crops,
- BT cotton,
- golden rice,
- tissue culture techniques,
- micropropagation,
- biofertilizers,
- biopesticides.
Biotechnology in Medicine
- Human insulin production,
- gene therapy
- molecular diagnosis,
- vaccine production
UNIT V: Ecology and Environment
Organisms and Populations
- Organism and its environment,
- habitat and niche,
- population attributes - growth,
- birth rate,
- death rate,
- age distribution.
Ecosystem
- Structure and function,
- energy flow,
- nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorus cycles),
- ecological succession.
Biodiversity and Conservation
- Biodiversity
- Concept,
- patterns,
- importance,
- loss of biodiversity
- biodiversity conservation
- hotspots
- endangered species,
- Red Data Book
- biosphere reserves
- national parks,
- sanctuaries.
Environmental Issues
- Air pollution and its control,
- water pollution and its control,
- solid waste management,
- ozone depletion,
- global warming and climate change,
- deforestation.
