Biology 12 Biology 12

UNIT I: Reproduction in Organisms
  • Reproduction
  • a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species
  • Modes of reproduction - Asexual and sexual; asexual reproduction; binary fission
  • sporulation
  • budding
  • gemmule
UNIT II: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
  • Pollination-types
  • agents and significance
  • post fertilization events-Development of endosperm and embryo
  • development of seeds and fruits
UNIT III: Human Reproduction
  • Gametogenesis - spermatogenesis
  • Fertilization
  • embryo development up to blastocyst formation
UNIT IV: Reproductive Health
  • Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
  • Birth control - Need and methods
  • contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP)
UNIT V: Principles of Inheritance and Variation
  • Inheritance of two genes
  • sex determination
  • Human pedigree analysis
UNIT VI: Molecular Basis of Inheritance
  • replication of DNA
  • human genome project
  • Regulation of gene expression
UNIT VII: Evolution
  • Origin of life
  • biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (paleontological
  • Variation (mutation and recombination)
UNIT IX: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
  • Improvement in food production: plant breeding
  • tissue culture
  • single cell protein
  • biofortification
UNIT XI: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
UNIT XIII: Organisms and Populations
  • Organisms and environment: habitat and niche
  • population and ecological adaptations
UNIT XIV: Ecosystem
  • Ecosystems: Patterns
  • components; productivity and decomposition
  • Energy flow
  • the material cycle (carbon and phosphorous)
  • Ecological succession
  • biomes and biotic communities
UNIT XV: Biodiversity and Conservation
  • Concept
  • patterns
  • importance
  • Reasons and conservation
UNIT XVI: Environmental Issues
  • Air pollution and its control
  • Water pollution and its control
  • Solid waste management
  • Radioactive waste management