SATHEE: ICAR AIEEA (UG) Syllabus

ICAR AIEEA (UG) Syllabus

PHYSICS

UNIT I: ELECTROSTATICS

Electric charges and their conservation
Coulomb’s law forces between two point charges
Forces between multiple charges
superposition principle and continuous charge distribution
Electric field
Electric field due to a point charge
Electric field lines
Electric dipole
Electric field due to a dipole
Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field
Electric flux
Statement of Gauss’s theorem & Its applications to find field due to infnitely long straight wire
Uniformly charged infinite plane sheet
Uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside)
Electric potential
Potential difference
Electric potential due to a point charge
A dipole and system of charges
Equipotential surfaces
Electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges
electric dipole in an electrostatic field
Conductors and insulators
Free charges and bound charges inside a conductor.
Dielectrics and electric polarization
Capacitors and capacitances
Combination of capacitors in series and parallel
Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates
Energy stored in a capacitor
Van de Graaff generator.

UNIT II: CURRENT ELECTRICITY

Electric current
Flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor
Drift velocity and Mobility and their relation with electric current
Ohm’s law
Electrical resistance
V - I characteristics (linear and non-linear)
Electrical energy and power
Electrical resistivity and conductivity
Carbon resistors
Colour code for carbon resistors
Series and parallel combinations of resistors
Temperature dependence of resistance
Internal resistance of a cell
Potential difference and emf of a cell
A combination of cells in series and parallel
Kirchoff’s laws and simple applications
Wheatstone bridge
Metre Bridge
Potentiometer - principle and its applications to measure Potential difference and for comparing emf of two cells
Measurement of internal resistance of a cell

UNIT III: MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM

Concept of magnetic field
Oersted’s experiment
Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop
Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire, straight and toroidal solenoids
Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields
Cyclotron
Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field
The force between two parallel currents carrying conductors - definition of ampere
Torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field
moving coil galvanometer – its current sensitivity
conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.
Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment
Magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron.
Magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis
Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field
Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid
Magnetic field lines
Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements
Para-, dia- and ferromagnetic substances, with examples
Electromagnets and factors affecting their strengths
Permanent magnets

UNIT IV: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENTS

Electromagnetic induction
Faraday’s law
Induced emf and current
Lenz’s Law
Eddy currents
Self and mutual inductance
Alternating currents
Peak and RMS value of alternating current/ voltage
Reactance and impedance
LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only)
LCR series circuit
Resonance
Power in AC circuits
Wattless current
AC generator and
Transformer

UNIT V: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

UNIT IX: ELECTRONIC DEVICES

Energy bands in solids (qualitative ideas only)
conductors
insulators
Semiconductors
Semiconductor diode: I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias
Semiconductor diode: diode as a rectifier
I - V characteristics of LED
Photodiode
Solar cell
Zener diode
Zener diode as a voltage regulator
Junction transistor
Transistor action
Characteristics of a transistor
Transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator
Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR) Transistor as a switch

UNIT X: COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Elements of a communication system (block diagram only)
Bandwidth of signals (speech, TV and digital data)
Bandwidth of transmission medium
Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere
Sky and space wave propagation
Need for modulation
Production and detection of an amplitude-modulated wave

CHEMISTRY

Unit I: Solid State

Classification of solids based on different binding forces: molecular
Classification of solids based on different binding forces: ionic
Classification of solids based on different binding forces: covalent
Classification of solids based on different binding forces: metallic solids
Amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea)
Unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices
Calculation of density of unit cell
packing in solids
voids
Number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell
Point defects
Electrical and magnetic properties
Band theory of metals
conductors
semiconductors and insulators and n and p-type semiconductors.

Unit II: Solutions

Types of solutions
expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids
the solubility of gases in liquids
solid solutions
colligative properties – the relative lowering of vapour pressure
Raoult’s law
elevation of B.P.
depression of freezing point
osmotic pressure
determination of molecular masses using colligative properties
abnormal molecular mass
Vant Hoff factor.

Unit III: Electrochemistry

Redox reactions
conductance in electrolytic solutions
specific and molar conductivity variations of conductivity with concentration
Kohlrausch’s Law
electrolysis and laws of electrolysis (elementary idea)
dry cell – electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells
lead accumulator
EMF of a cell
standard electrode potential
Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells.
Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell
fuel cells
corrosion.

Unit IV: Chemical Kinetics

Rate of a reaction (average and instantaneous)
factors affecting rates of reaction: concentration, temperature, catalyst
order and molecularity of a reaction
rate law and specific rate constant
integrated rate equations
half-life (only for zero and first-order reactions)
concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment).
Activationenergy
Arrhenius equation.

Unit V: Surface Chemistry

Adsorption – physisorption and chemisorption
factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids
catalysis: homogenous and heterogeneous
activity and selectivity: enzyme catalysis
colloidal state: the distinction between true solutions, colloids, and suspensions
lyophilic
lyophobic multimolecular and macromolecular colloids
properties of colloids
Tyndall effect
Brownian movement
electrophoresis
coagulation
emulsions – types of emulsions.

Unit VI: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

Principles and methods of extraction – concentration, oxidation, reduction electrolytic method, and refining
occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminum, copper, zinc, and iron.

Unit VII: p-Block Elements

Group 15 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties
nitrogen – preparation, properties, and uses
compounds of nitrogen: preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acid, oxides of nitrogen ( structure only)
Phosphorous-allotropic forms
compounds of phosphorous: preparation and properties of phosphine, halides (PCl3, PCl5) and oxoacids (elementary idea only).
Group 16 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties
dioxygen: preparation, properties, and uses
classification of oxides
ozone.
Sulphur – allotropic forms
compounds of sulphur: preparation, properties, and uses of sulphur dioxide
sulphuric acid: industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses, oxoacids of sulphur (structures only).
Group 17 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties
compounds of halogens: preparation, properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds, oxoacids of halogens(structures only).
Group 18 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, uses.

Unit VIII: d and f Block Elements

General introduction
electronic configuration
occurrence and characteristics of transition metals
general trends in properties of the first-row transition metals – metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation.
Preparation and properties of $K_2 Cr_2 O_7$ and $KMnO_4$
Lanthanoids – electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity, and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences.
Actinoids– Electronic configuration, oxidation states, and comparison with lanthanoids.

Unit IX Coordination Compounds

Coordination compounds: Introduction
ligands
coordination number
colour
magnetic properties and shapes
IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds
bonding
Werner’s theory
VBT
CFT
isomerism (structural and stereo)
importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biologicalsystems).

Unit X: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions. Optical rotation.
Haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen for monosubstituted compounds only).
Uses and environmental effects of– dichloromethane,trichloromethane,tetrachloromethane,iodoform, freons, DDT.

Unit XI: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers

Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only)
identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols
mechanism of dehydration, uses, with special reference to methanol and ethanol.
Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic substitution reactions, uses of phenols.
Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.

Unit XII: Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids

Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of nucleophilic addition, the reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes uses.
Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses.

Unit XIII: Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary secondary, and tertiary amines.

Cyanides and Isocyanides – will be mentioned at relevant places in context.
Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions, and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.

Unit XIV: Biomolecules

Carbohydrates – Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharide (glucose and fructose), D-L configuration, oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen) : importance.
Proteins - Elementary idea of a-amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes.
Hormones – Elementary idea (excluding structure).
Vitamins – Classification and functions.
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA

Unit XV: Polymers

Classification – Natural and synthetic, methods of polymerization (addition and condensation), copolymerization.
Some important polymers: natural and synthetic like polythene, nylon, polyesters, bakelite, rubber.
Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers.

Unit XVI: Chemistry in Everyday Life

1. Chemicals in medicines – analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines.
1. Chemicalsin food– preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, elementary idea of antioxidants.
1. Cleansing agents – soaps and detergents, cleansing action

MATHEMATICS

UNIT I: SETS AND FUNCTIONS

Sets :

Sets and their representatio
Empty set
Finite & Infinite sets
Equal sets
Subsets
Subsets of the set of real numbers especially intervals (with notations)
Power set
Universal set
Venn diagrams
Union and Intersection of sets
Difference of sets
Complement of a set

Relations & Functions:

Ordered pairs
Cartesian product of sets
Number of elements in the cartesian product of two finite sets
Cartesian product of the reals with itself (upto R x R x R)
Definition of relation
Types of relations: reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence relations
One to one and onto functions
Composite functions
Inverse of a function
Binary operations
Pictorial representation of a function
Domain
Co-domain and range of a relation
Function as a special kind of relation from one set to another
Real valued function of the real variable, domain and range of these functions, constant, identity, polynomial, rational, modulus, signum and greatest integer functions with their graphs
Sum, difference, product and quotients of functions

Trigonometric Functions:

Positive and negative angles.
Measuring angles in radians & in degrees and conversion from one measure to another
Definition of trigonometric functions with the help of unit circle
Truth of the identity sin2x + cos2x=1, for all x
Signs of trigonometric functions and sketch of their graphs
Expressing sin (x+y) and cos (x+y) in terms of sinx, siny, cosx&cosy
Deducing the identities like the following:
- $\tan (x \pm y)=\frac{\tan x \pm \tan y}{1 \pm \tan x \tan y}, \cot (x \pm y)=\frac{\cot x \cot y \pm 1}{\cot y \pm \cot x}$
- $\cos x+\cos y=2 \cos \frac{x+y}{2} \cos \frac{x-y}{2}$
- $\sin x-\sin y=2 \cos \frac{x+y}{2} \sin \frac{x-y}{2}$
- $\cos x-\cos y=-2 \sin \frac{x+y}{2} \sin \frac{x-y}{2}$
Identities related to sin2x, cos2x, tan2x, sin3x, cos3x and tan3x
General solution of trigonometric equations of the type sin è ?= sin á, cos è ?= cos á ?and tan è ?= tan á

Inverse Trigonometric Functions:

Definition, range, domain, principal value branches
Graphs of inverse trigonometric functions
Elementary properties of inverse trigonometric functions
Properties of triangles, including centroid, incentre, circum-centre and orthocentre, Solution of triangles
Heights and Distances

Unit II: ALGEBRA

Principle of Mathematical Induction:

Processes of the proof by induction
Motivating the application of the method by looking at natural numbers as the least inductive subset of real numbers
The principle of mathematical induction and simple applications

Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations:

Need for complex numbers, especially -1
To be motivated by inability to solve every quadratic equation
Brief description of algebraic properties of complex numbers
Argand plane and polar representation of complex numbers
Statement of Fundamental Theorem of Algebra
Solution of quadratic equations in the complex number system

Linear Inequalities:

Linear inequalities
Algebraic solutions of linear inequalities in one variable and their representation on the number line
Graphical solution of linear inequalities in two variables
Solution of system of linear inequalities in two variables- graphically

Permutations & Combinations:

Fundamental principle of counting
Factorial n. ( n!)
Permutations and combinations,
Derivation of formulae and their connections
Simple applications

Binomial Theorem:

History, statement and proof of the binomial theorem for positive integral indices
Pascal’s triangle
General and middle term in binomial expansion
Simple applications

Sequence and Series:

Sequence and Series
Arithmetic progression (A. P.) Arithmetic progression (A. P.)
Arithmetic mean (A.M.)
Geometric progression (G.P.)
General term of a G.P.
sum of $n$ terms of a G.P.
Geometric mean (G.M.)
Relation between A.M. and G.M.
Sum to $n$ terms of the special series Ón, Ón2 and Ón³

Matrices:

Concept
Notation,
Order
Equality
Types of matrices
Zero matrix
Transpose of a matrix,
Symmetric and skew symmetric matrices
Addition, multiplication and scalar multiplication of matrices
Simple properties of addition
Multiplication and scalar multiplication
Non-commutativity of multiplication of matrices and existence of non-zero matrices whose product is the zero matrix (restrict to square matrices of order 2)
Concept of elementary row and column operations
Invertible matrices and proof of the uniqueness of inverse, if it exists

Determinants:

Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3x3 matrices)

Properties of determinants, minors, cofactors and
Applications of determinants in finding the area of a triangle
Adjoint and inverse of a square matrix
Consistency, inconsistency and number of solutions of system of linear equations by examples
Solving system of linear equations in two or three variables (having unique solution) using inverse of a matrix

Unit III: COORDINATE GEOMETRY

Straight Lines:

Slope of a line and angle between two lines
Various forms of equations of a line: parallel to axes, point-slope form, slope-intercept form, two-point form, intercepts form and normal form
General equation of a line
Distance of a point from a line

Conic Sections:

Sections of a cone: circle, ellipse, parabola, hyperbola, a point
A straight line and pair of intersecting lines as a degenerated case of a conic section
Standard equations and simple properties of parabola, ellipse and hyperbola
Standard equation of a circle

Introduction to Three-dimensional Geometry:

Coordinate axes and coordinate planes in three dimensions
Coordinates of a point
Distance between two points and section formula

Unit VI: CALCULUS

Limits and Derivatives:

Derivative introduced as rate of change both as that of distance function and geometrically
Intuitive idea of limit
Definition of derivative
Relate it to slope of tangent of the curve
Derivative of sum, difference
Product and quotient of functions
Derivatives of polynomial and trigonometric functions

Continuity and Differentiability:

Continuity and differentiability
Derivative of composite functions
Chain rule
Derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions
Derivative of implicit function
Concept of exponential and logarithmic functions and their derivative
Logarithmic differentiation
Derivative of functions expressed in parametric forms
Second order derivatives
Rolle’s and Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorems (without proof) and their geometric interpretations

Applications of Derivatives:

Applications of derivatives: rate of change, increasing/decreasing functions, tangents & normals, approximation
Maxima and minima (first derivative test motivated geometrically and second derivative test given as a provable tool)
Simple problems

Integrals:

Integration as inverse process of differentiation
Integration of a variety of functions by substitution, by partial fractions and by parts
Only simple integrals of the type

$$\int \frac{d x}{x^{2} \pm a^{2}} \int \frac{d x}{\sqrt{x^{2} \pm a^{2}}} \int \frac{d x}{\sqrt{a^{2}-x^{2}}} \int \frac{d x}{a x^{2}+b x+c} \int \frac{d x}{\sqrt{a x^{2}+b x+c}} \int \frac{(p x+q)}{a x^{2}+b x+c} d x$$

$$ \int \frac{(p x+q)}{\sqrt{a x^{2}+b x+c}} d x \int \sqrt{a^{2} \pm x^{2}} d x \text { and } \int \sqrt{x^{2}-a^{2}} d x $$

to be evaluated

Definite integrals as a limit of a sum
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (without proof)
Basic properties of definite integrals and evaluation of definite integrals

Applications of the Integrals:

Applications in finding the area under simple curves, especially lines, areas of circles/ parabolas/ellipses (in standard form only)
Area between the two above said curves

Differential Equations:

Definition, order and degree
General and particular solutions of a differential equation
Formation of differential equation whose general solution is given
Solution of differential equations by method of separation of variables
Homogeneous differential equations of first order and first degree
Solutions of linear differential equation of the type $: \frac{d y}{d x}+p y=q$, where $\mathrm{p}$ and $\mathrm{q}$ are functions of $x$

Unit V: VECTORS AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

Vectors:

Vectors and scalars
Magnitude and direction of a vector
Direction cosines/ratios of vectors
Types of vectors (equal, unit, zero, parallel and collinear vectors)
Position vector of a point
Negative of a vector
Components of a vector
Addition of vectors
Multiplication of a vector by a scalar
Position vector of a point dividing a line segment in a given ratio
Scalar (dot) product of vectors
Projection of a vector on a line
Vector (cross) product of vectors

Three-dimensional Geometry:

Direction cosines/ratios of a line joining two points
Cartesian and vector equation of a line
Coplanar
Skew lines
Shortest distance between two lines
Cartesian and vector equation of a plane. Angle between (i) two lines, (ii) two planes. (iii) a line and a plane. Distance of a point from a plane

Unit VI: Linear Programming

Introduction
Definition of related terminology such as constraints
Objective function
Optimization
Different types of linear programming (L.P.) problems
Mathematical formulation of L.P. problems
Graphical method of solution for problems in two variables
Feasible and infeasible regions
Feasible and infeasible solutions
Optimal feasible solutions (up to three non-trivial constraints)

Unit VII: Mathematical Reasoning

Mathematically acceptable statements
Connecting words/ phrases consolidating the understanding of “if and only if (necessary and sufficient) condition”, “implies”, “and/or”, “implied by”, “and”, “or”, “there exists” and their use through variety of examples related to real life and Mathematics
Validating the statements involving the connecting words
Difference between contradiction
Converse and contrapositive

Unit VIII: STATISTICS & PROBABILITY

Statistics:

Measures of central tendency
Mean, median and mode from ungrouped/grouped data
Measures of dispersion, mean deviation
Variance and standard deviation from ungrouped/grouped data
Correlation, regression lines

Probability:

Random experiments: outcomes, sample spaces (set representation)
Events: occurrence of events, ’not’, ‘and’ and ‘or’ events
Exhaustive events, mutually exclusive events
Axiomatic (set theoretic) probability
Probability of an event
Probability of ’not’, ‘and’ & ‘or’ events
Multiplication theorem on probability
Conditional probability, independent events, total probability
Bayes’ theorem, Random variable and its probability distribution
Mean and variance of stochastic variable
Repeated independent (Bernoulli) trials and Binomial distribution

Unit IX: STATICS

Introduction
Basic concepts and basic laws of mechanics
Force
Resultant of forces acting at a point
Parallelogram law of forces
Resolved parts of a force
Equilibrium of a particle under three concurrent forces
Triangle law of forces and its converse
Lami’s theorem and its converse
Two Parallel forces, like and unlike parallel forces, couple and its moment

Unit X: DYNAMICS

Speed and velocity
Average speed
Instantaneous speed
Acceleration and retardation
Resultant of two velocities
Motion of a particle along a line, moving with constant acceleration
Motion under gravity
Laws of motion
Projectile motion

BIOLOGY

Unit I: Reproduction

Reproduction in organisms: Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species
Modes of reproduction – Asexual and sexual, Asexual reproduction
Modes- Binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule, fragmentation
vegetative propagation in plants.
Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Flower structure
Development of male and female gametophytes
Pollination– types, agencies and examples
Outbreedings devices
Pollen-Pistil interaction
Double fertilization
Post fertilization events– Development of endosperm and embryo, Development of seed and formation of fruit
Special modes– apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony
Significance ofseed and fruit formation.
Human Reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems
Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary
Gametogenesis- spermatogenesis & oogenesis
Menstrual cycle
Fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation
Pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea)
Parturition(Elementaryidea)
Lactation (Elementaryidea).
Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD)
Birth control- Need and Methods, Contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP)
Amniocentesis
Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies – IVF, IUI, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea forgeneral awareness).

Unit II: Genetics and Evolution

Heredity and variation: Mendelian Inheritance

Deviations from Mendelism – Incomplete dominance, Co-dominance, Multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups, Pleiotropy
Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance
Chromosome theory of inheritance
Chromosomes and genes;
SexdeterminationV–VInhumans,birds, honeybee
Link age and crossing overV
Sex linked inheritance- Haemophilia, Colour blindness
Mendelian disorders in humans– Thalassemia
Chromosomal disordersin humans
Down’s syndrome, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes.
Molecular Basis of Inheritance: Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material
Structure of DNA and RNA
DNA packaging
DNA replication
Central dogma
Transcription, genetic code,translation
Gene expression and regulation – Lac Operon
Genome and human genome project
DNA fingerprinting.
Evolution: Origin of life
Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (Paleontological, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence)
Darwin’s contribution, Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution
Mechanism of evolution–Variation(Mutation and Recombination) and Natural Selection with examples, types of natural selection
Gene flow and genetic dirft
Hardy-Weinberg’s principle
Adaptive Radiation
Humanevolution.

Unit III: Biology and Human Welfare

Health and Disease: Pathogens
parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis, Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm)
Basic concepts of immunology–vaccines
Cancer, HIV and AIDs
Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse.
Improvement in food production: Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein, Biofortification
Apiculture and Animal husbandry.
Microbes in human welfare: In household food processing,industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and as bio control agents and biofertilizers.

Unit IV: Biotechnology and Its Applications

Principles and process of Biotechnology:Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology).
Application of Bio technology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, genetherapy
Genetically modified organisms- Btcrops
Transgenic Animals
Bio safety issues– Biopiracy and patents.

Unit V: Ecology and environment

Organisms and environment: Habitat and niche
Population and ecological adaptations
Population interactions– mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism
Population attributes– growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution.
Ecosystems: Patterns, components
productivity and decomposition
Energy flow
Pyramids of number, biomass, energy
Nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorous)
Ecological succession
Ecological Services– Carbon fixation, pollination, oxygenrelease.
Biodiversityand its conservation: Concept of Biodiversity
Patterns of Biodiversity
Importance of Biodiversity
Loss of Biodiversity
Biodiversity conservation
Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biospherereserves, National parks and sanctuaries sacred groves, in-situ & ex-situ.
Environmental issues: Air pollution and its control
Water pollution and its control
Agrochemicals and their effects
Solid waste management
Radioactive waste management
Greenhouse effect and global warming
Ozone depletion
Deforestation
Any three case studies as success stories addressing environmental issues.

AGRICULTURE

Unit I: AGROMETEOROLOGY, GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING, BIOCHEMISTRY AND MICROBIOLOGY

Agrometerology

Elements of Weather-rainfall, temperature, humidity, wind velocity, Sunshine weather forecasting, climate change in relation to crop production.

Genetics & Plant Breeding

Cell and its structure, cell division-mitosis and meiosis and their significance
Organisation of the genetic materials in chromosomes, DNA and RNA
Mendel’s laws of inheritance Reasons for the success of Mendel in his experiments, Absence of linkage in Mendel’s experiments
Quantitative inheritance, continuous and discontinuous variation in plants.
Monogenic and polygenic
Inheritance
Role of Genetics in Plant breeding, self and cross-pollinated crops, methods of breeding in field crops-introduction, selection, hybridization, mutation and polyploidy, tissue and cell culture
Plant Biotechnology-definition and scope in crop production

Biochemistry

PH and buffers
Classification and nomenclature of carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Vitamins and enzymes

Microbiology

Microbial cell structure
Micro-organisms- Algae
Bacteria
Fungi
Actinomycetes
Protozoa and Viruses
Role of micro-organisms in respiration, fermentation and organic matter decomposition

Unit-2: LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION

Scope and importance

Importance of livestock in agriculture and industry
White revolution in India
Important breeds Indian and exotic
Distribution of cows
Buffaloes and poultry in India

Care and management

Systems of cattle and poultry housing
Principles of feeding, feeding practices
Balanced ration-definition and ingredients
Management of calves, bullocks, pregnant and milch animals as well as chicks crockrels and layers, poultry
Signs of sick animals
Symptoms of common diseases in cattle and poultry, Rinderpest, black quarter, foot and mouth, mastitis and haemorrhagicsepticaemiacoccidiosis Fowl pox and Ranikhet disease, their prevention and control

Artificial Insemination

Reproductive organs, collection, dilution and preservation of semen and artificial insemination, role of artificial insemination in cattle improvement.

Livestock Products

Processing and marketing of milk and Milk products

Unit-3: CROP PRODUCTION

Introduction

Targets and achievements in foodgrain production in India since independence and its future projections
Sustainable crop production
Commercialization of agriculture and its scope in India
Classification of field crops based on their utility-cereals, pulses, oils seeds, fibre, sugar and forage crops

Soil, Soil fertility, Fertilizers and Manures

Soil, soil pH, Soil texture, soil structure, soil organisms, soil tilth, soil fertility and soil health
Essential plant nutrients, their functions and deficiency symptoms
Soil types of India and their characteristics
Organic manure, common fertilizers including straight, complex, fertilizer mixtures and biofertilizers integrated nutrient management system

Irrigation and Drainage

Sources of irrigation (rain, canals, tanks, rivers, wells, tubewells)
Scheduling of irrigation based on critical stages of growth, time interval, soil moisture content and weather parameters
Water requirement of crops
Methods of irrigation and drainage
Watershed management

Weed Control

Principles of weed control, methods of weed control (cultural, mechanical, chemical, biological and Integrated weed management)

Crops

Seed bed preparation, seed treatment
Time and method of sowing/planting, seed rate
Dose, method and time of fertilizer application
Irrigation
Interculture and weed control
Common pests and diseases
Caused by bacteria
Fungi virus and nematode and their control
Integrated pest management
Harvesting
Threshing
Post harvest technology: storage, processing and marketing of major field crops-Rice, wheat, maize, sorghum, pearl millet, groundnut, mustard, pigeon-pea, gram, sugarcane, cotton and berseem

Unit-4: HORTICULTURE

Importance of fruits and vegetables in human diet, Crop diversification & processing Industry
Orchardlocation and layout, ornamental gardening and kitchen garden
Planting system, training, pruning, intercropping, protection from frost and sunburn
Trees, shrubs, climbers, annuals, perennials-definition and examples
Propagation by seed, cutting, budding, layering and grafting
Cultivation practices, processing and marketing of: i. Fruits - mango, papaya, banana, guava, citrus, grapes ii. Vegetables - Radish, carrot, potato, onion, cauliflower, brinjal, tomato, spinach and cabbage iii. Flowers - Gladiolus, canna, chrysanthemums, roses and marigold
Principles and methods of fruit and vegetable preservation
Preparation of jellies, jams, ketchup, chips and their packing