आईसीएआर एआईईईए (यूजी) पाठ्यक्रम

PHYSICS

UNIT I: ELECTROSTATICS
  • Electric charges and their conservation
  • Coulomb’s law forces between two point charges
  • Forces between multiple charges
  • superposition principle and continuous charge distribution
  • Electric field
  • Electric field due to a point charge
  • Electric field lines
  • Electric dipole
  • Electric field due to a dipole
  • Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field
  • Electric flux
  • Statement of Gauss’s theorem & Its applications to find field due to infnitely long straight wire
  • Uniformly charged infinite plane sheet
  • Uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside)
  • Electric potential
  • Potential difference
  • Electric potential due to a point charge
  • A dipole and system of charges
  • Equipotential surfaces
  • Electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges
  • electric dipole in an electrostatic field
  • Conductors and insulators
  • Free charges and bound charges inside a conductor.
  • Dielectrics and electric polarization
  • Capacitors and capacitances
  • Combination of capacitors in series and parallel
  • Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates
  • Energy stored in a capacitor
  • Van de Graaff generator.
UNIT II: CURRENT ELECTRICITY
  • Electric current
  • Flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor
  • Drift velocity and Mobility and their relation with electric current
  • Ohm’s law
  • Electrical resistance
  • V - I characteristics (linear and non-linear)
  • Electrical energy and power
  • Electrical resistivity and conductivity
  • Carbon resistors
  • Colour code for carbon resistors
  • Series and parallel combinations of resistors
  • Temperature dependence of resistance
  • Internal resistance of a cell
  • Potential difference and emf of a cell
  • A combination of cells in series and parallel
  • Kirchoff’s laws and simple applications
  • Wheatstone bridge
  • Metre Bridge
  • Potentiometer - principle and its applications to measure Potential difference and for comparing emf of two cells
  • Measurement of internal resistance of a cell
UNIT III: MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM
  • Concept of magnetic field
  • Oersted’s experiment
  • Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop
  • Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire, straight and toroidal solenoids
  • Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields
  • Cyclotron
  • Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field
  • The force between two parallel currents carrying conductors - definition of ampere
  • Torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field
  • moving coil galvanometer – its current sensitivity
  • conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.
  • Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment
  • Magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron.
  • Magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis
  • Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field
  • Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid
  • Magnetic field lines
  • Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements
  • Para-, dia- and ferromagnetic substances, with examples
  • Electromagnets and factors affecting their strengths
  • Permanent magnets
UNIT IV: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENTS
  • Electromagnetic induction
  • Faraday’s law
  • Induced emf and current
  • Lenz’s Law
  • Eddy currents
  • Self and mutual inductance
  • Alternating currents
  • Peak and RMS value of alternating current/ voltage
  • Reactance and impedance
  • LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only)
  • LCR series circuit
  • Resonance
  • Power in AC circuits
  • Wattless current
  • AC generator and
  • Transformer
UNIT V: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
UNIT VI: OPTICS
UNIT VII: DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATION
UNIT VIII: ATOMS & NUCLEI
UNIT IX: ELECTRONIC DEVICES
UNIT X: COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
  • Elements of a communication system (block diagram only)
  • Bandwidth of signals (speech, TV and digital data)
  • Bandwidth of transmission medium
  • Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere
  • Sky and space wave propagation
  • Need for modulation
  • Production and detection of an amplitude-modulated wave

CHEMISTRY

Unit I: Solid State
  • Classification of solids based on different binding forces: molecular
  • Classification of solids based on different binding forces: ionic
  • Classification of solids based on different binding forces: covalent
  • Classification of solids based on different binding forces: metallic solids
  • Amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea)
  • Unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices
  • Calculation of density of unit cell
  • packing in solids
  • voids
  • Number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell
  • Point defects
  • Electrical and magnetic properties
  • Band theory of metals
  • conductors
  • semiconductors and insulators and n and p-type semiconductors.
Unit II: Solutions
  • Types of solutions
  • expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids
  • the solubility of gases in liquids
  • solid solutions
  • colligative properties – the relative lowering of vapour pressure
  • Raoult’s law
  • elevation of B.P.
  • depression of freezing point
  • osmotic pressure
  • determination of molecular masses using colligative properties
  • abnormal molecular mass
  • Vant Hoff factor.
Unit III: Electrochemistry
  • Redox reactions
  • conductance in electrolytic solutions
  • specific and molar conductivity variations of conductivity with concentration
  • Kohlrausch’s Law
  • electrolysis and laws of electrolysis (elementary idea)
  • dry cell – electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells
  • lead accumulator
  • EMF of a cell
  • standard electrode potential
  • Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells.
  • Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell
  • fuel cells
  • corrosion.
Unit IV: Chemical Kinetics
  • Rate of a reaction (average and instantaneous)
  • factors affecting rates of reaction: concentration, temperature, catalyst
  • order and molecularity of a reaction
  • rate law and specific rate constant
  • integrated rate equations
  • half-life (only for zero and first-order reactions)
  • concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment).
  • Activationenergy
  • Arrhenius equation.
Unit V: Surface Chemistry
  • Adsorption – physisorption and chemisorption
  • factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids
  • catalysis: homogenous and heterogeneous
  • activity and selectivity: enzyme catalysis
  • colloidal state: the distinction between true solutions, colloids, and suspensions
  • lyophilic
  • lyophobic multimolecular and macromolecular colloids
  • properties of colloids
  • Tyndall effect
  • Brownian movement
  • electrophoresis
  • coagulation
  • emulsions – types of emulsions.
Unit VI: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

  • Principles and methods of extraction – concentration, oxidation, reduction electrolytic method, and refining

  • occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminum, copper, zinc, and iron.

Unit VII: p-Block Elements

  • Group 15 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties

  • nitrogen – preparation, properties, and uses

  • compounds of nitrogen: preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acid, oxides of nitrogen ( structure only)

  • Phosphorous-allotropic forms

  • compounds of phosphorous: preparation and properties of phosphine, halides (PCl3, PCl5) and oxoacids (elementary idea only).

  • Group 16 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties

  • dioxygen: preparation, properties, and uses

  • classification of oxides

  • ozone.

  • Sulphur – allotropic forms

  • compounds of sulphur: preparation, properties, and uses of sulphur dioxide

  • sulphuric acid: industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses, oxoacids of sulphur (structures only).

  • Group 17 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties

  • compounds of halogens: preparation, properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds, oxoacids of halogens(structures only).

  • Group 18 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, uses.

Unit VIII: d and f Block Elements
  • General introduction
  • electronic configuration
  • occurrence and characteristics of transition metals
  • general trends in properties of the first-row transition metals – metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation.
  • Preparation and properties of $K_2 Cr_2 O_7$ and $KMnO_4$
  • Lanthanoids – electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity, and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences.
  • Actinoids– Electronic configuration, oxidation states, and comparison with lanthanoids.
Unit IX Coordination Compounds

  • Coordination compounds: Introduction

  • ligands

  • coordination number

  • colour

  • magnetic properties and shapes

  • IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds

  • bonding

  • Werner’s theory

  • VBT

  • CFT

  • isomerism (structural and stereo)

  • importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biologicalsystems).

Unit X: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

  • Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions. Optical rotation.

  • Haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen for monosubstituted compounds only).

  • Uses and environmental effects of– dichloromethane,trichloromethane,tetrachloromethane,iodoform, freons, DDT.

Unit XI: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
  • Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only)
  • identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols
  • mechanism of dehydration, uses, with special reference to methanol and ethanol.
  • Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic substitution reactions, uses of phenols.
  • Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.
Unit XII: Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids
  • Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of nucleophilic addition, the reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes uses.
  • Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses.
Unit XIII: Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary secondary, and tertiary amines.

  • Cyanides and Isocyanides – will be mentioned at relevant places in context.
  • Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions, and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.
Unit XIV: Biomolecules

  • Carbohydrates – Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharide (glucose and fructose), D-L configuration, oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen) : importance.

  • Proteins - Elementary idea of a-amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes.

  • Hormones – Elementary idea (excluding structure).

  • Vitamins – Classification and functions.

  • Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA

Unit XV: Polymers
  • Classification – Natural and synthetic, methods of polymerization (addition and condensation), copolymerization.
  • Some important polymers: natural and synthetic like polythene, nylon, polyesters, bakelite, rubber.
  • Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers.
Unit XVI: Chemistry in Everyday Life
    1. Chemicals in medicines – analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines.
    1. Chemicalsin food– preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, elementary idea of antioxidants.
    1. Cleansing agents – soaps and detergents, cleansing action

MATHEMATICS

UNIT I: SETS AND FUNCTIONS

Sets :
Relations & Functions:
  • Ordered pairs
  • Cartesian product of sets
  • Number of elements in the cartesian product of two finite sets
  • Cartesian product of the reals with itself (upto R x R x R)
  • Definition of relation
  • Types of relations: reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence relations
  • One to one and onto functions
  • Composite functions
  • Inverse of a function
  • Binary operations
  • Pictorial representation of a function
  • Domain
  • Co-domain and range of a relation
  • Function as a special kind of relation from one set to another
  • Real valued function of the real variable, domain and range of these functions, constant, identity, polynomial, rational, modulus, signum and greatest integer functions with their graphs
  • Sum, difference, product and quotients of functions
Trigonometric Functions:
  • Positive and negative angles.
  • Measuring angles in radians & in degrees and conversion from one measure to another
  • Definition of trigonometric functions with the help of unit circle
  • Truth of the identity sin2x + cos2x=1, for all x
  • Signs of trigonometric functions and sketch of their graphs
  • Expressing sin (x+y) and cos (x+y) in terms of sinx, siny, cosx&cosy
  • Deducing the identities like the following:
    • $\tan (x \pm y)=\frac{\tan x \pm \tan y}{1 \pm \tan x \tan y}, \cot (x \pm y)=\frac{\cot x \cot y \pm 1}{\cot y \pm \cot x}$
    • $\cos x+\cos y=2 \cos \frac{x+y}{2} \cos \frac{x-y}{2}$
    • $\sin x-\sin y=2 \cos \frac{x+y}{2} \sin \frac{x-y}{2}$
    • $\cos x-\cos y=-2 \sin \frac{x+y}{2} \sin \frac{x-y}{2}$
  • Identities related to sin2x, cos2x, tan2x, sin3x, cos3x and tan3x
  • General solution of trigonometric equations of the type sin è ?= sin á, cos è ?= cos á ?and tan è ?= tan á
Inverse Trigonometric Functions:
  • Definition, range, domain, principal value branches
  • Graphs of inverse trigonometric functions
  • Elementary properties of inverse trigonometric functions
  • Properties of triangles, including centroid, incentre, circum-centre and orthocentre, Solution of triangles
  • Heights and Distances

Unit II: ALGEBRA

Principle of Mathematical Induction:
  • Processes of the proof by induction
  • Motivating the application of the method by looking at natural numbers as the least inductive subset of real numbers
  • The principle of mathematical induction and simple applications
Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations:
  • Need for complex numbers, especially -1
  • To be motivated by inability to solve every quadratic equation
  • Brief description of algebraic properties of complex numbers
  • Argand plane and polar representation of complex numbers
  • Statement of Fundamental Theorem of Algebra
  • Solution of quadratic equations in the complex number system
Linear Inequalities:
  • Linear inequalities
  • Algebraic solutions of linear inequalities in one variable and their representation on the number line
  • Graphical solution of linear inequalities in two variables
  • Solution of system of linear inequalities in two variables- graphically
Permutations & Combinations:
Binomial Theorem:
  • History, statement and proof of the binomial theorem for positive integral indices
  • Pascal’s triangle
  • General and middle term in binomial expansion
  • Simple applications
Sequence and Series:
  • Sequence and Series
  • Arithmetic progression (A. P.) Arithmetic progression (A. P.)
  • Arithmetic mean (A.M.)
  • Geometric progression (G.P.)
  • General term of a G.P.
  • sum of $n$ terms of a G.P.
  • Geometric mean (G.M.)
  • Relation between A.M. and G.M.
  • Sum to $n$ terms of the special series Ón, Ón2 and Ón³
Matrices:
  • Concept
  • Notation,
  • Order
  • Equality
  • Types of matrices
  • Zero matrix
  • Transpose of a matrix,
  • Symmetric and skew symmetric matrices
  • Addition, multiplication and scalar multiplication of matrices
  • Simple properties of addition
  • Multiplication and scalar multiplication
  • Non-commutativity of multiplication of matrices and existence of non-zero matrices whose product is the zero matrix (restrict to square matrices of order 2)
  • Concept of elementary row and column operations
  • Invertible matrices and proof of the uniqueness of inverse, if it exists
Determinants:

Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3x3 matrices)

  • Properties of determinants, minors, cofactors and
  • Applications of determinants in finding the area of a triangle
  • Adjoint and inverse of a square matrix
  • Consistency, inconsistency and number of solutions of system of linear equations by examples
  • Solving system of linear equations in two or three variables (having unique solution) using inverse of a matrix

Unit III: COORDINATE GEOMETRY

Straight Lines:
  • Slope of a line and angle between two lines
  • Various forms of equations of a line: parallel to axes, point-slope form, slope-intercept form, two-point form, intercepts form and normal form
  • General equation of a line
  • Distance of a point from a line
Conic Sections:
  • Sections of a cone: circle, ellipse, parabola, hyperbola, a point
  • A straight line and pair of intersecting lines as a degenerated case of a conic section
  • Standard equations and simple properties of parabola, ellipse and hyperbola
  • Standard equation of a circle
Introduction to Three-dimensional Geometry:
  • Coordinate axes and coordinate planes in three dimensions
  • Coordinates of a point
  • Distance between two points and section formula

Unit VI: CALCULUS

Limits and Derivatives:
  • Derivative introduced as rate of change both as that of distance function and geometrically
  • Intuitive idea of limit
  • Definition of derivative
  • Relate it to slope of tangent of the curve
  • Derivative of sum, difference
  • Product and quotient of functions
  • Derivatives of polynomial and trigonometric functions
Continuity and Differentiability:
  • Continuity and differentiability
  • Derivative of composite functions
  • Chain rule
  • Derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions
  • Derivative of implicit function
  • Concept of exponential and logarithmic functions and their derivative
  • Logarithmic differentiation
  • Derivative of functions expressed in parametric forms
  • Second order derivatives
  • Rolle’s and Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorems (without proof) and their geometric interpretations
Applications of Derivatives:
  • Applications of derivatives: rate of change, increasing/decreasing functions, tangents & normals, approximation
  • Maxima and minima (first derivative test motivated geometrically and second derivative test given as a provable tool)
  • Simple problems
Integrals:
  • Integration as inverse process of differentiation
  • Integration of a variety of functions by substitution, by partial fractions and by parts
  • Only simple integrals of the type

$$\int \frac{d x}{x^{2} \pm a^{2}} \int \frac{d x}{\sqrt{x^{2} \pm a^{2}}} \int \frac{d x}{\sqrt{a^{2}-x^{2}}} \int \frac{d x}{a x^{2}+b x+c} \int \frac{d x}{\sqrt{a x^{2}+b x+c}} \int \frac{(p x+q)}{a x^{2}+b x+c} d x$$

$$ \int \frac{(p x+q)}{\sqrt{a x^{2}+b x+c}} d x \int \sqrt{a^{2} \pm x^{2}} d x \text { and } \int \sqrt{x^{2}-a^{2}} d x $$

to be evaluated

  • Definite integrals as a limit of a sum
  • Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (without proof)
  • Basic properties of definite integrals and evaluation of definite integrals
Applications of the Integrals:
  • Applications in finding the area under simple curves, especially lines, areas of circles/ parabolas/ellipses (in standard form only)
  • Area between the two above said curves
Differential Equations:
  • Definition, order and degree
  • General and particular solutions of a differential equation
  • Formation of differential equation whose general solution is given
  • Solution of differential equations by method of separation of variables
  • Homogeneous differential equations of first order and first degree
  • Solutions of linear differential equation of the type $: \frac{d y}{d x}+p y=q$, where $\mathrm{p}$ and $\mathrm{q}$ are functions of $x$

Unit V: VECTORS AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

Vectors:
  • Vectors and scalars
  • Magnitude and direction of a vector
  • Direction cosines/ratios of vectors
  • Types of vectors (equal, unit, zero, parallel and collinear vectors)
  • Position vector of a point
  • Negative of a vector
  • Components of a vector
  • Addition of vectors
  • Multiplication of a vector by a scalar
  • Position vector of a point dividing a line segment in a given ratio
  • Scalar (dot) product of vectors
  • Projection of a vector on a line
  • Vector (cross) product of vectors
Three-dimensional Geometry:
  • Direction cosines/ratios of a line joining two points
  • Cartesian and vector equation of a line
  • Coplanar
  • Skew lines
  • Shortest distance between two lines
  • Cartesian and vector equation of a plane. Angle between (i) two lines, (ii) two planes. (iii) a line and a plane. Distance of a point from a plane

Unit VI: Linear Programming

  • Introduction
  • Definition of related terminology such as constraints
  • Objective function
  • Optimization
  • Different types of linear programming (L.P.) problems
  • Mathematical formulation of L.P. problems
  • Graphical method of solution for problems in two variables
  • Feasible and infeasible regions
  • Feasible and infeasible solutions
  • Optimal feasible solutions (up to three non-trivial constraints)

Unit VII: Mathematical Reasoning

  • Mathematically acceptable statements
  • Connecting words/ phrases consolidating the understanding of “if and only if (necessary and sufficient) condition”, “implies”, “and/or”, “implied by”, “and”, “or”, “there exists” and their use through variety of examples related to real life and Mathematics
  • Validating the statements involving the connecting words
  • Difference between contradiction
  • Converse and contrapositive

Unit VIII: STATISTICS & PROBABILITY

Statistics:
Probability:

Unit IX: STATICS

  • Introduction
  • Basic concepts and basic laws of mechanics
  • Force
  • Resultant of forces acting at a point
  • Parallelogram law of forces
  • Resolved parts of a force
  • Equilibrium of a particle under three concurrent forces
  • Triangle law of forces and its converse
  • Lami’s theorem and its converse
  • Two Parallel forces, like and unlike parallel forces, couple and its moment

Unit X: DYNAMICS

  • Speed and velocity
  • Average speed
  • Instantaneous speed
  • Acceleration and retardation
  • Resultant of two velocities
  • Motion of a particle along a line, moving with constant acceleration
  • Motion under gravity
  • Laws of motion
  • Projectile motion

BIOLOGY

Unit I: Reproduction

  • Reproduction in organisms: Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species

  • Modes of reproduction – Asexual and sexual, Asexual reproduction

  • Modes- Binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule, fragmentation

  • vegetative propagation in plants.

  • Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Flower structure

  • Development of male and female gametophytes

  • Pollination– types, agencies and examples

  • Outbreedings devices

  • Pollen-Pistil interaction

  • Double fertilization

  • Post fertilization events– Development of endosperm and embryo, Development of seed and formation of fruit

  • Special modes– apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony

  • Significance ofseed and fruit formation.

  • Human Reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems

  • Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary

  • Gametogenesis- spermatogenesis & oogenesis

  • Menstrual cycle

  • Fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation

  • Pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea)

  • Parturition(Elementaryidea)

  • Lactation (Elementaryidea).

  • Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD)

  • Birth control- Need and Methods, Contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP)

  • Amniocentesis

  • Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies – IVF, IUI, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea forgeneral awareness).

Unit II: Genetics and Evolution

Heredity and variation: Mendelian Inheritance

  • Deviations from Mendelism – Incomplete dominance, Co-dominance, Multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups, Pleiotropy

  • Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance

  • Chromosome theory of inheritance

  • Chromosomes and genes;

  • SexdeterminationV–VInhumans,birds, honeybee

  • Link age and crossing overV

  • Sex linked inheritance- Haemophilia, Colour blindness

  • Mendelian disorders in humans– Thalassemia

  • Chromosomal disordersin humans

  • Down’s syndrome, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes.

  • Molecular Basis of Inheritance: Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material

  • Structure of DNA and RNA

  • DNA packaging

  • DNA replication

  • Central dogma

  • Transcription, genetic code,translation

  • Gene expression and regulation – Lac Operon

  • Genome and human genome project

  • DNA fingerprinting.

  • Evolution: Origin of life

  • Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (Paleontological, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence)

  • Darwin’s contribution, Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution

  • Mechanism of evolution–Variation(Mutation and Recombination) and Natural Selection with examples, types of natural selection

  • Gene flow and genetic dirft

  • Hardy-Weinberg’s principle

  • Adaptive Radiation

  • Humanevolution.

Unit III: Biology and Human Welfare

  • Health and Disease: Pathogens

  • parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis, Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm)

  • Basic concepts of immunology–vaccines

  • Cancer, HIV and AIDs

  • Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse.

  • Improvement in food production: Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein, Biofortification

  • Apiculture and Animal husbandry.

  • Microbes in human welfare: In household food processing,industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and as bio control agents and biofertilizers.

Unit IV: Biotechnology and Its Applications

  • Principles and process of Biotechnology:Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology).

  • Application of Bio technology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, genetherapy

  • Genetically modified organisms- Btcrops

  • Transgenic Animals

  • Bio safety issues– Biopiracy and patents.

Unit V: Ecology and environment

  • Organisms and environment: Habitat and niche

  • Population and ecological adaptations

  • Population interactions– mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism

  • Population attributes– growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution.

  • Ecosystems: Patterns, components

  • productivity and decomposition

  • Energy flow

  • Pyramids of number, biomass, energy

  • Nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorous)

  • Ecological succession

  • Ecological Services– Carbon fixation, pollination, oxygenrelease.

  • Biodiversityand its conservation: Concept of Biodiversity

  • Patterns of Biodiversity

  • Importance of Biodiversity

  • Loss of Biodiversity

  • Biodiversity conservation

  • Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biospherereserves, National parks and sanctuaries sacred groves, in-situ & ex-situ.

  • Environmental issues: Air pollution and its control

  • Water pollution and its control

  • Agrochemicals and their effects

  • Solid waste management

  • Radioactive waste management

  • Greenhouse effect and global warming

  • Ozone depletion

  • Deforestation

  • Any three case studies as success stories addressing environmental issues.

AGRICULTURE

Unit I: AGROMETEOROLOGY, GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING, BIOCHEMISTRY AND MICROBIOLOGY

Agrometerology
Genetics & Plant Breeding
  • Cell and its structure, cell division-mitosis and meiosis and their significance
  • Organisation of the genetic materials in chromosomes, DNA and RNA
  • Mendel’s laws of inheritance Reasons for the success of Mendel in his experiments, Absence of linkage in Mendel’s experiments
  • Quantitative inheritance, continuous and discontinuous variation in plants.
  • Monogenic and polygenic
  • Inheritance
  • Role of Genetics in Plant breeding, self and cross-pollinated crops, methods of breeding in field crops-introduction, selection, hybridization, mutation and polyploidy, tissue and cell culture
  • Plant Biotechnology-definition and scope in crop production
Biochemistry
  • PH and buffers
  • Classification and nomenclature of carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Lipids
  • Vitamins and enzymes
Microbiology
  • Microbial cell structure
  • Micro-organisms- Algae
  • Bacteria
  • Fungi
  • Actinomycetes
  • Protozoa and Viruses
  • Role of micro-organisms in respiration, fermentation and organic matter decomposition

Unit-2: LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION

Scope and importance
Care and management
  • Systems of cattle and poultry housing
  • Principles of feeding, feeding practices
  • Balanced ration-definition and ingredients
  • Management of calves, bullocks, pregnant and milch animals as well as chicks crockrels and layers, poultry
  • Signs of sick animals
  • Symptoms of common diseases in cattle and poultry, Rinderpest, black quarter, foot and mouth, mastitis and haemorrhagicsepticaemiacoccidiosis Fowl pox and Ranikhet disease, their prevention and control
Artificial Insemination
  • Reproductive organs, collection, dilution and preservation of semen and artificial insemination, role of artificial insemination in cattle improvement.
Livestock Products
  • Processing and marketing of milk and Milk products

Unit-3: CROP PRODUCTION

Introduction
Soil, Soil fertility, Fertilizers and Manures
  • Soil, soil pH, Soil texture, soil structure, soil organisms, soil tilth, soil fertility and soil health
  • Essential plant nutrients, their functions and deficiency symptoms
  • Soil types of India and their characteristics
  • Organic manure, common fertilizers including straight, complex, fertilizer mixtures and biofertilizers integrated nutrient management system
Irrigation and Drainage
  • Sources of irrigation (rain, canals, tanks, rivers, wells, tubewells)
  • Scheduling of irrigation based on critical stages of growth, time interval, soil moisture content and weather parameters
  • Water requirement of crops
  • Methods of irrigation and drainage
  • Watershed management
Weed Control
  • Principles of weed control, methods of weed control (cultural, mechanical, chemical, biological and Integrated weed management)
Crops
  • Seed bed preparation, seed treatment
  • Time and method of sowing/planting, seed rate
  • Dose, method and time of fertilizer application
  • Irrigation
  • Interculture and weed control
  • Common pests and diseases
  • Caused by bacteria
  • Fungi virus and nematode and their control
  • Integrated pest management
  • Harvesting
  • Threshing
  • Post harvest technology: storage, processing and marketing of major field crops-Rice, wheat, maize, sorghum, pearl millet, groundnut, mustard, pigeon-pea, gram, sugarcane, cotton and berseem

Unit-4: HORTICULTURE

  • Importance of fruits and vegetables in human diet, Crop diversification & processing Industry
  • Orchardlocation and layout, ornamental gardening and kitchen garden
  • Planting system, training, pruning, intercropping, protection from frost and sunburn
  • Trees, shrubs, climbers, annuals, perennials-definition and examples
  • Propagation by seed, cutting, budding, layering and grafting
  • Cultivation practices, processing and marketing of: i. Fruits - mango, papaya, banana, guava, citrus, grapes ii. Vegetables - Radish, carrot, potato, onion, cauliflower, brinjal, tomato, spinach and cabbage iii. Flowers - Gladiolus, canna, chrysanthemums, roses and marigold
  • Principles and methods of fruit and vegetable preservation
  • Preparation of jellies, jams, ketchup, chips and their packing
इंजीनियरिंग की तैयारी

भौतिक विज्ञान 11वीं

भौतिक विज्ञान 12वीं

रसायन विज्ञान 11वीं

रसायन विज्ञान 12वीं

गणित 11वीं

गणित 12वीं

जेईई पिछले वर्ष के प्रश्न

जेईई ट्यूटोरियल सत्र

चिकित्सा तैयारी

भौतिक विज्ञान 11वीं

भौतिक विज्ञान 12वीं

रसायन विज्ञान 11वीं

रसायन विज्ञान 12वीं

जीव विज्ञान 11वीं

जीव विज्ञान 12वीं

एनईईटी पिछले वर्ष के प्रश्न

एनईईटी ट्यूटोरियल सत्र

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गणित के फॉर्मूला

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