आईसीएआर एआईईईए (यूजी) पाठ्यक्रम


PHYSICS


UNIT I: ELECTROSTATICS
  • Electric charges and their conservation
  • Coulomb’s law forces between two point charges
  • Forces between multiple charges
  • superposition principle and continuous charge distribution
  • Electric field
  • Electric field due to a point charge
  • Electric field lines
  • Electric dipole
  • Electric field due to a dipole
  • Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field
  • Electric flux
  • Statement of Gauss’s theorem & Its applications to find field due to infnitely long straight wire
  • Uniformly charged infinite plane sheet
  • Uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside)
  • Electric potential
  • Potential difference
  • Electric potential due to a point charge
  • A dipole and system of charges
  • Equipotential surfaces
  • Electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges
  • electric dipole in an electrostatic field
  • Conductors and insulators
  • Free charges and bound charges inside a conductor.
  • Dielectrics and electric polarization
  • Capacitors and capacitances
  • Combination of capacitors in series and parallel
  • Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates
  • Energy stored in a capacitor
  • Van de Graaff generator.
UNIT II: CURRENT ELECTRICITY
  • Electric current
  • Flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor
  • Drift velocity and Mobility and their relation with electric current
  • Ohm’s law
  • Electrical resistance
  • V - I characteristics (linear and non-linear)
  • Electrical energy and power
  • Electrical resistivity and conductivity
  • Carbon resistors
  • Colour code for carbon resistors
  • Series and parallel combinations of resistors
  • Temperature dependence of resistance
  • Internal resistance of a cell
  • Potential difference and emf of a cell
  • A combination of cells in series and parallel
  • Kirchoff’s laws and simple applications
  • Wheatstone bridge
  • Metre Bridge
  • Potentiometer - principle and its applications to measure Potential difference and for comparing emf of two cells
  • Measurement of internal resistance of a cell
UNIT III: MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM
  • Concept of magnetic field
  • Oersted’s experiment
  • Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop
  • Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire, straight and toroidal solenoids
  • Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields
  • Cyclotron
  • Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field
  • The force between two parallel currents carrying conductors - definition of ampere
  • Torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field
  • moving coil galvanometer – its current sensitivity
  • conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.
  • Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment
  • Magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron.
  • Magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis
  • Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field
  • Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid
  • Magnetic field lines
  • Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements
  • Para-, dia- and ferromagnetic substances, with examples
  • Electromagnets and factors affecting their strengths
  • Permanent magnets
UNIT IV: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENTS
  • Electromagnetic induction
  • Faraday’s law
  • Induced emf and current
  • Lenz’s Law
  • Eddy currents
  • Self and mutual inductance
  • Alternating currents
  • Peak and RMS value of alternating current/ voltage
  • Reactance and impedance
  • LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only)
  • LCR series circuit
  • Resonance
  • Power in AC circuits
  • Wattless current
  • AC generator and
  • Transformer
UNIT V: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
UNIT VI: OPTICS
UNIT VII: DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATION
UNIT VIII: ATOMS & NUCLEI
UNIT IX: ELECTRONIC DEVICES
UNIT X: COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
  • Elements of a communication system (block diagram only)
  • Bandwidth of signals (speech, TV and digital data)
  • Bandwidth of transmission medium
  • Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere
  • Sky and space wave propagation
  • Need for modulation
  • Production and detection of an amplitude-modulated wave

CHEMISTRY


Unit I: Solid State
  • Classification of solids based on different binding forces: molecular
  • Classification of solids based on different binding forces: ionic
  • Classification of solids based on different binding forces: covalent
  • Classification of solids based on different binding forces: metallic solids
  • Amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea)
  • Unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices
  • Calculation of density of unit cell
  • packing in solids
  • voids
  • Number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell
  • Point defects
  • Electrical and magnetic properties
  • Band theory of metals
  • conductors
  • semiconductors and insulators and n and p-type semiconductors.
Unit II: Solutions
  • Types of solutions
  • expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids
  • the solubility of gases in liquids
  • solid solutions
  • colligative properties – the relative lowering of vapour pressure
  • Raoult’s law
  • elevation of B.P.
  • depression of freezing point
  • osmotic pressure
  • determination of molecular masses using colligative properties
  • abnormal molecular mass
  • Vant Hoff factor.
Unit III: Electrochemistry
  • Redox reactions
  • conductance in electrolytic solutions
  • specific and molar conductivity variations of conductivity with concentration
  • Kohlrausch’s Law
  • electrolysis and laws of electrolysis (elementary idea)
  • dry cell – electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells
  • lead accumulator
  • EMF of a cell
  • standard electrode potential
  • Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells.
  • Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell
  • fuel cells
  • corrosion.
Unit IV: Chemical Kinetics
  • Rate of a reaction (average and instantaneous)
  • factors affecting rates of reaction: concentration, temperature, catalyst
  • order and molecularity of a reaction
  • rate law and specific rate constant
  • integrated rate equations
  • half-life (only for zero and first-order reactions)
  • concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment).
  • Activationenergy
  • Arrhenius equation.
Unit V: Surface Chemistry
  • Adsorption – physisorption and chemisorption
  • factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids
  • catalysis: homogenous and heterogeneous
  • activity and selectivity: enzyme catalysis
  • colloidal state: the distinction between true solutions, colloids, and suspensions
  • lyophilic
  • lyophobic multimolecular and macromolecular colloids
  • properties of colloids
  • Tyndall effect
  • Brownian movement
  • electrophoresis
  • coagulation
  • emulsions – types of emulsions.
Unit VI: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
  • Principles and methods of extraction – concentration, oxidation, reduction electrolytic method, and refining

  • occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminum, copper, zinc, and iron.

Unit VII: p-Block Elements
  • Group 15 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties

  • nitrogen – preparation, properties, and uses

  • compounds of nitrogen: preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acid, oxides of nitrogen ( structure only)

  • Phosphorous-allotropic forms

  • compounds of phosphorous: preparation and properties of phosphine, halides (PCl3, PCl5) and oxoacids (elementary idea only).

  • Group 16 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties

  • dioxygen: preparation, properties, and uses

  • classification of oxides

  • ozone.

  • Sulphur – allotropic forms

  • compounds of sulphur: preparation, properties, and uses of sulphur dioxide

  • sulphuric acid: industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses, oxoacids of sulphur (structures only).

  • Group 17 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties

  • compounds of halogens: preparation, properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds, oxoacids of halogens(structures only).

  • Group 18 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, uses.

Unit VIII: d and f Block Elements
  • General introduction
  • electronic configuration
  • occurrence and characteristics of transition metals
  • general trends in properties of the first-row transition metals – metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation.
  • Preparation and properties of $K_2 Cr_2 O_7$ and $KMnO_4$
  • Lanthanoids – electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity, and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences.
  • Actinoids– Electronic configuration, oxidation states, and comparison with lanthanoids.
Unit IX Coordination Compounds
  • Coordination compounds: Introduction

  • ligands

  • coordination number

  • colour

  • magnetic properties and shapes

  • IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds

  • bonding

  • Werner’s theory

  • VBT

  • CFT

  • isomerism (structural and stereo)

  • importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biologicalsystems).

Unit X: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
  • Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions. Optical rotation.

  • Haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen for monosubstituted compounds only).

  • Uses and environmental effects of– dichloromethane,trichloromethane,tetrachloromethane,iodoform, freons, DDT.

Unit XI: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
  • Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only)
  • identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols
  • mechanism of dehydration, uses, with special reference to methanol and ethanol.
  • Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic substitution reactions, uses of phenols.
  • Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.
Unit XII: Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids
  • Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of nucleophilic addition, the reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes uses.
  • Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses.
Unit XIII: Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary secondary, and tertiary amines.

  • Cyanides and Isocyanides – will be mentioned at relevant places in context.
  • Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions, and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.
Unit XIV: Biomolecules
  • Carbohydrates – Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharide (glucose and fructose), D-L configuration, oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen) : importance.

  • Proteins - Elementary idea of a-amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes.

  • Hormones – Elementary idea (excluding structure).

  • Vitamins – Classification and functions.

  • Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA

Unit XV: Polymers
  • Classification – Natural and synthetic, methods of polymerization (addition and condensation), copolymerization.
  • Some important polymers: natural and synthetic like polythene, nylon, polyesters, bakelite, rubber.
  • Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers.
Unit XVI: Chemistry in Everyday Life
    1. Chemicals in medicines – analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines.
    1. Chemicalsin food– preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, elementary idea of antioxidants.
    1. Cleansing agents – soaps and detergents, cleansing action

MATHEMATICS


UNIT I: SETS AND FUNCTIONS

Sets :
Relations & Functions:
  • Ordered pairs
  • Cartesian product of sets
  • Number of elements in the cartesian product of two finite sets
  • Cartesian product of the reals with itself (upto R x R x R)
  • Definition of relation
  • Types of relations: reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence relations
  • One to one and onto functions
  • Composite functions
  • Inverse of a function
  • Binary operations
  • Pictorial representation of a function
  • Domain
  • Co-domain and range of a relation
  • Function as a special kind of relation from one set to another
  • Real valued function of the real variable, domain and range of these functions, constant, identity, polynomial, rational, modulus, signum and greatest integer functions with their graphs
  • Sum, difference, product and quotients of functions
Trigonometric Functions:
  • Positive and negative angles.
  • Measuring angles in radians & in degrees and conversion from one measure to another
  • Definition of trigonometric functions with the help of unit circle
  • Truth of the identity sin2x + cos2x=1, for all x
  • Signs of trigonometric functions and sketch of their graphs
  • Expressing sin (x+y) and cos (x+y) in terms of sinx, siny, cosx&cosy
  • Deducing the identities like the following:
    • $\tan (x \pm y)=\frac{\tan x \pm \tan y}{1 \pm \tan x \tan y}, \cot (x \pm y)=\frac{\cot x \cot y \pm 1}{\cot y \pm \cot x}$
    • $\cos x+\cos y=2 \cos \frac{x+y}{2} \cos \frac{x-y}{2}$
    • $\sin x-\sin y=2 \cos \frac{x+y}{2} \sin \frac{x-y}{2}$
    • $\cos x-\cos y=-2 \sin \frac{x+y}{2} \sin \frac{x-y}{2}$
  • Identities related to sin2x, cos2x, tan2x, sin3x, cos3x and tan3x
  • General solution of trigonometric equations of the type sin è ?= sin á, cos è ?= cos á ?and tan è ?= tan á
Inverse Trigonometric Functions:
  • Definition, range, domain, principal value branches
  • Graphs of inverse trigonometric functions
  • Elementary properties of inverse trigonometric functions
  • Properties of triangles, including centroid, incentre, circum-centre and orthocentre, Solution of triangles
  • Heights and Distances

Unit II: ALGEBRA

Principle of Mathematical Induction:
  • Processes of the proof by induction
  • Motivating the application of the method by looking at natural numbers as the least inductive subset of real numbers
  • The principle of mathematical induction and simple applications
Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations:
  • Need for complex numbers, especially -1
  • To be motivated by inability to solve every quadratic equation
  • Brief description of algebraic properties of complex numbers
  • Argand plane and polar representation of complex numbers
  • Statement of Fundamental Theorem of Algebra
  • Solution of quadratic equations in the complex number system
Linear Inequalities:
  • Linear inequalities
  • Algebraic solutions of linear inequalities in one variable and their representation on the number line
  • Graphical solution of linear inequalities in two variables
  • Solution of system of linear inequalities in two variables- graphically
Permutations & Combinations:
Binomial Theorem:
  • History, statement and proof of the binomial theorem for positive integral indices
  • Pascal’s triangle
  • General and middle term in binomial expansion
  • Simple applications
Sequence and Series:
  • Sequence and Series
  • Arithmetic progression (A. P.) Arithmetic progression (A. P.)
  • Arithmetic mean (A.M.)
  • Geometric progression (G.P.)
  • General term of a G.P.
  • sum of $n$ terms of a G.P.
  • Geometric mean (G.M.)
  • Relation between A.M. and G.M.
  • Sum to $n$ terms of the special series Ón, Ón2 and Ón³
Matrices:
  • Concept
  • Notation,
  • Order
  • Equality
  • Types of matrices
  • Zero matrix
  • Transpose of a matrix,
  • Symmetric and skew symmetric matrices
  • Addition, multiplication and scalar multiplication of matrices
  • Simple properties of addition
  • Multiplication and scalar multiplication
  • Non-commutativity of multiplication of matrices and existence of non-zero matrices whose product is the zero matrix (restrict to square matrices of order 2)
  • Concept of elementary row and column operations
  • Invertible matrices and proof of the uniqueness of inverse, if it exists
Determinants:

Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3x3 matrices)

  • Properties of determinants, minors, cofactors and
  • Applications of determinants in finding the area of a triangle
  • Adjoint and inverse of a square matrix
  • Consistency, inconsistency and number of solutions of system of linear equations by examples
  • Solving system of linear equations in two or three variables (having unique solution) using inverse of a matrix

Unit III: COORDINATE GEOMETRY

Straight Lines:
  • Slope of a line and angle between two lines
  • Various forms of equations of a line: parallel to axes, point-slope form, slope-intercept form, two-point form, intercepts form and normal form
  • General equation of a line
  • Distance of a point from a line
Conic Sections:
  • Sections of a cone: circle, ellipse, parabola, hyperbola, a point
  • A straight line and pair of intersecting lines as a degenerated case of a conic section
  • Standard equations and simple properties of parabola, ellipse and hyperbola
  • Standard equation of a circle
Introduction to Three-dimensional Geometry:
  • Coordinate axes and coordinate planes in three dimensions
  • Coordinates of a point
  • Distance between two points and section formula

Unit VI: CALCULUS

Limits and Derivatives:
  • Derivative introduced as rate of change both as that of distance function and geometrically
  • Intuitive idea of limit
  • Definition of derivative
  • Relate it to slope of tangent of the curve
  • Derivative of sum, difference
  • Product and quotient of functions
  • Derivatives of polynomial and trigonometric functions
Continuity and Differentiability:
  • Continuity and differentiability
  • Derivative of composite functions
  • Chain rule
  • Derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions
  • Derivative of implicit function
  • Concept of exponential and logarithmic functions and their derivative
  • Logarithmic differentiation
  • Derivative of functions expressed in parametric forms
  • Second order derivatives
  • Rolle’s and Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorems (without proof) and their geometric interpretations
Applications of Derivatives:
  • Applications of derivatives: rate of change, increasing/decreasing functions, tangents & normals, approximation
  • Maxima and minima (first derivative test motivated geometrically and second derivative test given as a provable tool)
  • Simple problems
Integrals:
  • Integration as inverse process of differentiation
  • Integration of a variety of functions by substitution, by partial fractions and by parts
  • Only simple integrals of the type

$$\int \frac{d x}{x^{2} \pm a^{2}} \int \frac{d x}{\sqrt{x^{2} \pm a^{2}}} \int \frac{d x}{\sqrt{a^{2}-x^{2}}} \int \frac{d x}{a x^{2}+b x+c} \int \frac{d x}{\sqrt{a x^{2}+b x+c}} \int \frac{(p x+q)}{a x^{2}+b x+c} d x$$

$$ \int \frac{(p x+q)}{\sqrt{a x^{2}+b x+c}} d x \int \sqrt{a^{2} \pm x^{2}} d x \text { and } \int \sqrt{x^{2}-a^{2}} d x $$

to be evaluated

  • Definite integrals as a limit of a sum
  • Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (without proof)
  • Basic properties of definite integrals and evaluation of definite integrals
Applications of the Integrals:
  • Applications in finding the area under simple curves, especially lines, areas of circles/ parabolas/ellipses (in standard form only)
  • Area between the two above said curves
Differential Equations:
  • Definition, order and degree
  • General and particular solutions of a differential equation
  • Formation of differential equation whose general solution is given
  • Solution of differential equations by method of separation of variables
  • Homogeneous differential equations of first order and first degree
  • Solutions of linear differential equation of the type $: \frac{d y}{d x}+p y=q$, where $\mathrm{p}$ and $\mathrm{q}$ are functions of $x$

Unit V: VECTORS AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

Vectors:
  • Vectors and scalars
  • Magnitude and direction of a vector
  • Direction cosines/ratios of vectors
  • Types of vectors (equal, unit, zero, parallel and collinear vectors)
  • Position vector of a point
  • Negative of a vector
  • Components of a vector
  • Addition of vectors
  • Multiplication of a vector by a scalar
  • Position vector of a point dividing a line segment in a given ratio
  • Scalar (dot) product of vectors
  • Projection of a vector on a line
  • Vector (cross) product of vectors
Three-dimensional Geometry:
  • Direction cosines/ratios of a line joining two points
  • Cartesian and vector equation of a line
  • Coplanar
  • Skew lines
  • Shortest distance between two lines
  • Cartesian and vector equation of a plane. Angle between (i) two lines, (ii) two planes. (iii) a line and a plane. Distance of a point from a plane

Unit VI: Linear Programming

  • Introduction
  • Definition of related terminology such as constraints
  • Objective function
  • Optimization
  • Different types of linear programming (L.P.) problems
  • Mathematical formulation of L.P. problems
  • Graphical method of solution for problems in two variables
  • Feasible and infeasible regions
  • Feasible and infeasible solutions
  • Optimal feasible solutions (up to three non-trivial constraints)

Unit VII: Mathematical Reasoning

  • Mathematically acceptable statements
  • Connecting words/ phrases consolidating the understanding of “if and only if (necessary and sufficient) condition”, “implies”, “and/or”, “implied by”, “and”, “or”, “there exists” and their use through variety of examples related to real life and Mathematics
  • Validating the statements involving the connecting words
  • Difference between contradiction
  • Converse and contrapositive

Unit VIII: STATISTICS & PROBABILITY

Statistics:
Probability:

Unit IX: STATICS

  • Introduction
  • Basic concepts and basic laws of mechanics
  • Force
  • Resultant of forces acting at a point
  • Parallelogram law of forces
  • Resolved parts of a force
  • Equilibrium of a particle under three concurrent forces
  • Triangle law of forces and its converse
  • Lami’s theorem and its converse
  • Two Parallel forces, like and unlike parallel forces, couple and its moment

Unit X: DYNAMICS

  • Speed and velocity
  • Average speed
  • Instantaneous speed
  • Acceleration and retardation
  • Resultant of two velocities
  • Motion of a particle along a line, moving with constant acceleration
  • Motion under gravity
  • Laws of motion
  • Projectile motion

BIOLOGY


Unit I: Reproduction
  • Reproduction in organisms: Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species

  • Modes of reproduction – Asexual and sexual, Asexual reproduction

  • Modes- Binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule, fragmentation

  • vegetative propagation in plants.

  • Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Flower structure

  • Development of male and female gametophytes

  • Pollination– types, agencies and examples

  • Outbreedings devices

  • Pollen-Pistil interaction

  • Double fertilization

  • Post fertilization events– Development of endosperm and embryo, Development of seed and formation of fruit

  • Special modes– apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony

  • Significance ofseed and fruit formation.

  • Human Reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems

  • Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary

  • Gametogenesis- spermatogenesis & oogenesis

  • Menstrual cycle

  • Fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation

  • Pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea)

  • Parturition(Elementaryidea)

  • Lactation (Elementaryidea).

  • Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD)

  • Birth control- Need and Methods, Contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP)

  • Amniocentesis

  • Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies – IVF, IUI, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea forgeneral awareness).

Unit II: Genetics and Evolution

Heredity and variation: Mendelian Inheritance

  • Deviations from Mendelism – Incomplete dominance, Co-dominance, Multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups, Pleiotropy

  • Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance

  • Chromosome theory of inheritance

  • Chromosomes and genes;

  • SexdeterminationV–VInhumans,birds, honeybee

  • Link age and crossing overV

  • Sex linked inheritance- Haemophilia, Colour blindness

  • Mendelian disorders in humans– Thalassemia

  • Chromosomal disordersin humans

  • Down’s syndrome, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes.

  • Molecular Basis of Inheritance: Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material

  • Structure of DNA and RNA

  • DNA packaging

  • DNA replication

  • Central dogma

  • Transcription, genetic code,translation

  • Gene expression and regulation – Lac Operon

  • Genome and human genome project

  • DNA fingerprinting.

  • Evolution: Origin of life

  • Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (Paleontological, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence)

  • Darwin’s contribution, Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution

  • Mechanism of evolution–Variation(Mutation and Recombination) and Natural Selection with examples, types of natural selection

  • Gene flow and genetic dirft

  • Hardy-Weinberg’s principle

  • Adaptive Radiation

  • Humanevolution.

Unit III: Biology and Human Welfare
  • Health and Disease: Pathogens

  • parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis, Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm)

  • Basic concepts of immunology–vaccines

  • Cancer, HIV and AIDs

  • Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse.

  • Improvement in food production: Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein, Biofortification

  • Apiculture and Animal husbandry.

  • Microbes in human welfare: In household food processing,industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and as bio control agents and biofertilizers.

Unit IV: Biotechnology and Its Applications
  • Principles and process of Biotechnology:Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology).

  • Application of Bio technology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, genetherapy

  • Genetically modified organisms- Btcrops

  • Transgenic Animals

  • Bio safety issues– Biopiracy and patents.

Unit V: Ecology and environment
  • Organisms and environment: Habitat and niche

  • Population and ecological adaptations

  • Population interactions– mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism

  • Population attributes– growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution.

  • Ecosystems: Patterns, components

  • productivity and decomposition

  • Energy flow

  • Pyramids of number, biomass, energy

  • Nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorous)

  • Ecological succession

  • Ecological Services– Carbon fixation, pollination, oxygenrelease.

  • Biodiversityand its conservation: Concept of Biodiversity

  • Patterns of Biodiversity

  • Importance of Biodiversity

  • Loss of Biodiversity

  • Biodiversity conservation

  • Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biospherereserves, National parks and sanctuaries sacred groves, in-situ & ex-situ.

  • Environmental issues: Air pollution and its control

  • Water pollution and its control

  • Agrochemicals and their effects

  • Solid waste management

  • Radioactive waste management

  • Greenhouse effect and global warming

  • Ozone depletion

  • Deforestation

  • Any three case studies as success stories addressing environmental issues.

AGRICULTURE


Unit I: AGROMETEOROLOGY, GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING, BIOCHEMISTRY AND MICROBIOLOGY

Agrometerology
Genetics & Plant Breeding
  • Cell and its structure, cell division-mitosis and meiosis and their significance
  • Organisation of the genetic materials in chromosomes, DNA and RNA
  • Mendel’s laws of inheritance Reasons for the success of Mendel in his experiments, Absence of linkage in Mendel’s experiments
  • Quantitative inheritance, continuous and discontinuous variation in plants.
  • Monogenic and polygenic
  • Inheritance
  • Role of Genetics in Plant breeding, self and cross-pollinated crops, methods of breeding in field crops-introduction, selection, hybridization, mutation and polyploidy, tissue and cell culture
  • Plant Biotechnology-definition and scope in crop production
Biochemistry
  • PH and buffers
  • Classification and nomenclature of carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Lipids
  • Vitamins and enzymes
Microbiology
  • Microbial cell structure
  • Micro-organisms- Algae
  • Bacteria
  • Fungi
  • Actinomycetes
  • Protozoa and Viruses
  • Role of micro-organisms in respiration, fermentation and organic matter decomposition

Unit-2: LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION

Scope and importance
Care and management
  • Systems of cattle and poultry housing
  • Principles of feeding, feeding practices
  • Balanced ration-definition and ingredients
  • Management of calves, bullocks, pregnant and milch animals as well as chicks crockrels and layers, poultry
  • Signs of sick animals
  • Symptoms of common diseases in cattle and poultry, Rinderpest, black quarter, foot and mouth, mastitis and haemorrhagicsepticaemiacoccidiosis Fowl pox and Ranikhet disease, their prevention and control
Artificial Insemination
  • Reproductive organs, collection, dilution and preservation of semen and artificial insemination, role of artificial insemination in cattle improvement.
Livestock Products
  • Processing and marketing of milk and Milk products

Unit-3: CROP PRODUCTION

Introduction
Soil, Soil fertility, Fertilizers and Manures
  • Soil, soil pH, Soil texture, soil structure, soil organisms, soil tilth, soil fertility and soil health
  • Essential plant nutrients, their functions and deficiency symptoms
  • Soil types of India and their characteristics
  • Organic manure, common fertilizers including straight, complex, fertilizer mixtures and biofertilizers integrated nutrient management system
Irrigation and Drainage
  • Sources of irrigation (rain, canals, tanks, rivers, wells, tubewells)
  • Scheduling of irrigation based on critical stages of growth, time interval, soil moisture content and weather parameters
  • Water requirement of crops
  • Methods of irrigation and drainage
  • Watershed management
Weed Control
  • Principles of weed control, methods of weed control (cultural, mechanical, chemical, biological and Integrated weed management)
Crops
  • Seed bed preparation, seed treatment
  • Time and method of sowing/planting, seed rate
  • Dose, method and time of fertilizer application
  • Irrigation
  • Interculture and weed control
  • Common pests and diseases
  • Caused by bacteria
  • Fungi virus and nematode and their control
  • Integrated pest management
  • Harvesting
  • Threshing
  • Post harvest technology: storage, processing and marketing of major field crops-Rice, wheat, maize, sorghum, pearl millet, groundnut, mustard, pigeon-pea, gram, sugarcane, cotton and berseem

Unit-4: HORTICULTURE

  • Importance of fruits and vegetables in human diet, Crop diversification & processing Industry
  • Orchardlocation and layout, ornamental gardening and kitchen garden
  • Planting system, training, pruning, intercropping, protection from frost and sunburn
  • Trees, shrubs, climbers, annuals, perennials-definition and examples
  • Propagation by seed, cutting, budding, layering and grafting
  • Cultivation practices, processing and marketing of: i. Fruits - mango, papaya, banana, guava, citrus, grapes ii. Vegetables - Radish, carrot, potato, onion, cauliflower, brinjal, tomato, spinach and cabbage iii. Flowers - Gladiolus, canna, chrysanthemums, roses and marigold
  • Principles and methods of fruit and vegetable preservation
  • Preparation of jellies, jams, ketchup, chips and their packing