PHYSICS CHEMISTRY BIOLOGY

PHYSICS

UNIT I: PHYSICAL WORLD AND MEASUREMENT

• Units of measurements
• System of Units
• S I Units
• Fundamental and Derived units
• Least count
• Significant figures
• Errors in measurements
• Dimensions of Physics quantities
• Dimensional analysis and its applications

UNIT II: KINEMATICS

• The frame of reference
• motion in a straight line
• Position-time graph
• speed and velocity
• Uniform and non-uniform motion
• Average speed and instantaneous velocity
• Uniformly accelerated motion
• Velocity-time, position-time graph
• Relations for uniformly accelerated motion
• Scalars and Vectors
• Vector Addition and Subtraction
• Scalar and vector products
• Unit Vector
• Resolution of a Vector
• Relative Velocity
• Motion in a plane
• Projectile Motion
• Uniform Circular Motion

UNIT III: LAWS OF MOTION

• Newton’s First law of motion: Force and inertia
• Newton’s Second law of motion: Momentum
• Newton’s Third Law of motion: Impulses
• Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications
• Equilibrium of concurrent forces
• Static and Kinetic friction
• Laws of friction
• Rolling friction
• Dynamics of uniform circular motion
• Centripetal force
• Examples of circular motion (vehicle on level circular road, vehicle on banked road)

UNIT IV: WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

• Work done by a constant force and a variable force
• Kinetic and potential energies
• Work-energy theorem
• Power
• The potential energy of spring conservation of mechanical energy
• Conservative and non-conservative forces
• Motion in a vertical circle
• Elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions

UNIT V: ROTATIONAL MOTION

• Centre of the mass of a two-particle system
• Centre of the mass of a rigid body
• Basic concepts of rotational motion
• Moment of a force
• Torque
• Angular momentum
• Conservation of angular momentum and its applications
• The moment of inertia
• The radius of gyration
• Values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects
• Parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications
• Equilibrium of rigid bodies
• Rigid body rotation and equations of rotational motion
• comparison of linear and rotational motions

UNIT VI: GRAVITATION

• The universal law of gravitation
• Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth
• Kepler’s law of planetary motion
• Gravitational potential energy
• Gravitational potential
• Escape velocity
• Motion of a satellite
• Orbital velocity
• Time period and energy of satellite

UNIT VII: PROPERTIES OF SOLID AND LIQUIDS

• Elastic behaviour
• Stress-strain relationship
• Hooke’s Law
• Young’s modulus
• Bulk modulus
• Modulus of rigidity
• Pressure due to a fluid column
• Pascal’s law and its applications
• Effect of gravity on fluid pressure
• Viscosity
• Stokes’ law
• Terminal velocity
• streamline
• Turbulent flow
• Critical velocity
• Bernoulli’s principle and its applications
• Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact
• Excess of pressure across a curved surface
• application of surface tension - drops, bubbles, and capillary rise
• Heat
• Temperature
• Thermal expansion
• Specific heat capacity
• Calorimetry
• Change of state
• Latent heat
• Heat tansfer conduction, convection, and radiation

UNIT VIII: THERMODYNAMICS

• Thermal equilibrium
• Zeroth law of thermodynamics
• The concept of temperature
• The first law of thermodynamics
• Isothermal and adiabatic processes
• Heat, work, and internal energy
• The second law of thermodynamics
• reversible and irreversible processes

UNIT IX: KINETIC THEORY OF GASES

• Equation of state of a perfect gas
• Work done on compressing a gas
• Kinetic theory of gases - assumptions
• The concept of pressure
• Kinetic interpretation of temperature
• RMS speed of gas molecules
• Degrees of freedom
• Law of equipartition of energy and applications to specific heat capacities of gases
• Mean free path
• Avogadro’s number

UNIT X: Oscillations and Waves

• Oscillations and periodic motion - time period, frequency, displacement as a function of time
• Periodic functions
• Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and its equation’s phase
• Oscillations of a spring -restoring force and force constant
• Energy in S.H.M. - Kinetic and potential energies
• Simple pendulum - derivation of expression for its time period
• Wave motion
• Longitudinal and transverse waves
• Speed of travelling wave
• Displacement relation for a progressive wave
• Principle of superposition of waves
• Reflection of waves
• Standing waves in strings and organ pipes
• Fundamental mode and harmonics- Beats

UNIT XI: ELECTROSTATICS

• Electric charges
• Conservation of charge
• Coulomb’s law forces between two point charges
• Forces between multiple charges
• Superposition principle and continuous charge distribution
• Electric field
• Electric field due to a point charge
• Electric field due to a point charge, Electric field lines. Electric dipole, Electric field due to a dipole
• Electric field lines
• Electric dipole
• Electric field due to a dipole
• Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field
• Electric flux
• Gauss’s law and its applications to find field due to infnitely long uniformly charged straight wire
• Uniformly charged infinite plane sheet
• Uniformly charged thin spherical shell
• Electric potential and its calculation for a point charge
• Electric dipole and system of charges
• Potential difference
• Equipotential surfaces
• Electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field
• Conductors and insulators
• Dielectrics and electric polarization
• Capacitors and capacitances
• The combination of capacitors in series and parallel
• Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates
• Energy stored in a capacitor

UNIT XII: CURRENT ELECTRICITY

• Electric current
• Drift velocity
• Mobility and their relation with electric current
• Ohm’s law
• Electrical resistance
• V-I characteristics of ohmic and non-ohmic conductors
• Electrical energy and power
• Electrical resistivity and conductivity
• Series and parallel combinations of resistors
• Temperature dependence of resistance
• Internal resistance
• Potential difference and emf of a cell
• A combination of cells in series and parallel
• Kirchhoffs raws and their applications
• Wheatstone bridge
• Metre Bridge

UNIT XIII: MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM

• Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop
• Ampere’s law and
• Its applications to infinitely long current carrying straight wire and solenoid
• Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields
• Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field
• The force between two parallel currents carrying conductors-definition of ampere
• Torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field
• Moving coil galvanometer, its sensitivity
• Conversion to ammeter and voltmeter
• Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment
• Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid
• Magnetic field lines
• Magnetic field due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis
• Torque on a magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field
• Para- , dia and ferromagnetic substances with examples
• Effect of temperature on magnetic properties

UNIT XIV: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENTS

• Electromagnetic induction
• Faraday’s law
• Induced emf and current
• Lenz’s Law
• Eddy currents
• Self and mutual inductance
• Alternating currents
• Peak and RMS value of alternating current/ voltage
• Reactance and impedance
• LCR series circuit
• Resonance
• Power in AC circuits
• Wattless current
• AC generator
• Transformer

UNIT XV: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

• Displacement current
• Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics
• Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves
• Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves
• Electromagnetic spectrum(radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma rays)
• Applications of e.m. waves

UNIT XVI: OPTICS

• Reflection of light
• Spherical mirrors
• mirror formula
• Refraction of light at plane and spherical surfaces
• Thin lens formula
• Lens maker formula
• Total internal reflection and its applications
• Magnification
• Power of a Lens
• Combination of thin lenses in contact
• Refraction of light through a prism
• Microscope and Astronomical Telescope (reflecting and refracting ) and their magnifying powers
• Wave optics: wavefront and Huygens’ principle
• Laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens principle
• Interference
• Young’s double-slit experiment and expression for fringe width
• Coherent sources
• Sustained interference of light
• Diffraction due to a single slit
• Width of central maximum
• Polarization
• Plane-polarized light
• Brewster’s law
• Uses of plane-polarized light and Polaroid

UNIT XVII: DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATION

• Dual nature of radiation
• Photoelectric effect
• Hertz and Lenard’s observations
• Einstein’s photoelectric equation
• Particle nature of light
• Matter waves-wave nature of particle
• de Broglie relation

UNIT XVIII: ATOMS AND NUCLEI

• Alpha-particle scattering experiment
• Rutherford’s model of atom
• Bohr model
• Energy level’s hydrogen spectrum
• Composition and size of nucleus
• Atomic masses
• Mass-energy relation
• Mass defect
• Binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number
• Nuclear fission and fusion

UNIT XIX: ELECTRONIC DEVICES

• Semiconductors
• Semiconductor diode: I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias
• Diode as a rectifier
• I-V characteristics of LED
• The photodiode,
• Solar cell and Zener diode
• Zener diode as a voltage regulator
• Logic gates (OR. AND. NOT. NAND and NOR)

UNIT XX: EXPERIMENTAL SKILLS

• Familiarity with the basic approach and observations of the experiments and activities:
• Vernier calipers-its use to measure the internal and external diameter and depth of a vessel
• Screw gauge-its use to determine thicknes/ diameter of thin sheet/wire
• Simple pendulum-dissipation of energy by plotting a graph between the square of amplitude and time
• Metre Scale - the mass of a given object by the principle of moments
• Young’s modulus of elasticity of the material of a metallic wire
• Surf ace tension of water by capillary rise and effect of detergents
• Co-efficient of Viscosity of a given viscous liquid by measuring terminal velocity of a given spherical body
• Speed of sound in air at room temperature using a resonance tube
• Specific heat capacity of a given (i) solid and (ii) liquid by method of mixtures
• The resistivity of the material of a given wire using a metre bridge
• The resistance of a given wire using Ohm’s law
• Resistance and figure of merit of a galvanometer by half deflection method
• The focal length of: (i) Convex mirror (ii) Concave mirror, and (iii) Convex lens, using the parallax method
• The plot of the angle ofdeviation vs angle of incidence for a triangular prism
• Refractive index of a glass slab usinq a travelling microscope
• characteristic curves of a p-njunction diode in forward and reverse bias
• characteristic curves of a Zener diode and finding reverse break down voltage
• Identificationn of Diode, LED. Resistor. A capacitor from a mixed collection of such items

CHEMISTRY

UNIT I: SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY

• Matter and its nature
• Dalton’s atomic theory
• Concept of atom
• Molecule
• Element and compound
• Laws of chemical combination
• Atomic and molecular masses
• Mole concept
• Molar mass
• Percentage composition
• Empirical and molecular formulae
• Chemical equations and stoichiometry

UNIT II: ATOMIC STRUCTURE

• Nature of electromagnetic radiation
• Photoelectric effect
• Spectrum of the hydrogen atom
• Bohr model of a hydrogen atom - its postulates
• Derivation of the relations for the energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits
• Limitations of Bohr’s model
• Dual nature of matter
• de Broglie’s relationship
• Heisenberg uncertainty principle
• Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics
• Quantum mechanics
• The quantum mechanical model of the atom, its important features
• Concept of atomic orbitals as one-electron wave functions: Variation of 𝚿 and 𝚿2 with r for ls and 2s orbitals
• Various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum, and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance
• Shapes of s, p, and d - orbitals
• Electron spin and spin quantum number
• Rules for filling electrons in orbitals - Aufbau principle
• Pauli’s exclusion principle and Hund’s rule
• Electronic configuration of elements
• Extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals

UNIT III: CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE

• Kossel - Lewis approach to chemical bond formation
• The concept of ionic and covalent bonds
• Ionic Bonding: Formation of ionic bonds
• Factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds
• Calculation of lattice enthalpy
• Covalent Bonding
• Concept of electronegativity
• Fajan’s rule
• Dipole moment
• valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory and shapes of simple molecules
• Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding
• Valence bond theory - its important features
• The concept of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals
• Resonance
• Molecular orbital Theory - Its important features
• LCAOs
• Types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding)
• Sigma and pi-bonds
• Molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules
• The concept of bond order
• Bond length, and bond energy
• Elementary idea of metallic bonding
• Hydrogen bonding and its application

UNIT IV: CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS

• Fundamentals of thermodynamics: system and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties, state functions, types of processes
• The first law of thermodynamics
• Concept of work, heat, internal energy
• Enthalpy
• Heat capacity
• Molar heat capacity
• Hess’s laws of constant heat summation
• Enthalpies of bond dissociation
• Combustion formation
• Atomization
• Sublimation
• Phase transition
• Hydration
• Ionization
• Solution
• The second law of thermodynamics - Spontaneity of processes: ΔS of the universe and ΔG of the system as criteria for spontaneity
• ΔG° (Standard Gibbs energy change)and equiliribrium constant

UNIT V : SOLUTIONS

• Different methods for expressing the concentration of solution - molality, molarity, mole fraction, percentage (by volume and mass both)
• The vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult’s law
• Ideal and non-ideal solutions
• Vapour pressure - composition
• Plots for ideal and non-ideal solutions
• Colligative properties of dilute solutions -a relative lowering of vapour pressure
• Depression of mass freezing point
• The elevation of boiling point
• Osmotic pressure
• Determination of molecular mass using colligative properties
• Abnormal value of molar mass
• Van’t Hoff factor and its significance

UNIT VI: EQUILIBRIUM

• Meaning of equilibrium
• The concept of dynamic equilibrium
• Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid-liquid, liquid - gas and solid-gas equilibria
• Henry’s law.
• General characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes
• Equilibrium involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium
• Equilibrium constants (KP and KC) and their significance
• The significance of ΔG and ΔG° in chemical equilibrium
• Factors affecting equilibrium - concentration, pressure
• Temperature
• The effect of catalyst
• Le Chatelier’s principle
• Ionic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes
• Ionization of electrolytes
• Various concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius, Bronsted - Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization
• Acid-base equilibria (including multistage ionization)
• Ionization constants
• Ionization of water
• pH scale
• Common ion effect
• Hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions
• The solubility of sparingly soluble salts and solubility products
• Buffer solutions

UNIT VII: REDOX REACTIONS AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY

• Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction
• Redox reactions
• Oxidation number
• Rules for assigning oxidation number
• Balancing of redox reactions
• Electrolytic and metallic conduction
• Conductance in electrolytic solutions
• Molar conductivities and their variation with concentration
• Kohlrausch’s law and its applications
• Electrochemical cells
• Electrolytic cells
• Galvanic cells
• Different types of electrodes
• Electrode potentials including standard electrode potential
• Half-cell and cell reactions
• Emf of a Galvanic cell and its measurement
• Nernst equation and its applications
• Relationship between cell potential and Gibbs’ energy change
• Dry cell and lead accumulator
• Fuel cells

UNIT VIII: CHEMICAL KINETICS

• Rate of a chemical reaction
• Factors affecting the rate of reactions: concentration, temperature, pressure, and catalyst
• Elementary and complex reactions
• Order and molecularity of reactions
• Rate law
• Rate constant and its units
• Differential and integral forms of zero and first-order reactions, their characteristics and half-lives
• The effect of temperature on the rate of reactions
• Arrhenius theory
• Activation energy and its calculation collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation)

UNIT IX: CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES

• Modem periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p, d and f block elements
• Periodic trends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii
• Ionization enthalpy
• Electron gain enthalpy
• Valence
• Oxidation states, and chemical reactivity

UNIT X: p- BLOCK ELEMENTS

• Group -13 to Group 18 Elements
• General Introduction: Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups
• Unique behaviour of the first element in each group

UNIT XI: d - AND f- BLOCK ELEMENTS

• Transition Elements General introduction
• Electronic configuration
• Occurrence and characteristics
• General trends in properties of the first-row transition elements - physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states
• Atomic radii
• Colour
• Catalytic behaviour
• Magnetic properties
• Complex formation
• Interstitial compounds
• Alloy formation
• Preparation, properties, and uses of K2CrO7, and KMnO4
• Inner Transition Elements Lanthanoids - Electronic configuration, oxidation states, and lanthanoid contraction
• Actinoids - Electronic configuration and oxidation states

UNIT XII: CO-ORDINATION COMPOUNDS

• Introduction to coordination compounds
• Werner’s theory
• ligands
• Co-ordination number
• Denticity
• Chelation
• IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear co-ordination compounds
• Isomerism
• Bonding-Valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory
• Colour and magnetic properties
• Importance of co-ordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and in biological systems)

UNIT XIII: PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

• Purification - Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction, and chromatography - principles and their applications
• Qualitative analysis - Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, and halogens
• Quantitative analysis (basic principles only) - Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, sulphur, phosphorus
• Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae
• Numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis

UNIT XIV: SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

• Tetravalency of carbon: Shapes of simple molecules - hybridization (s and p)
• Classification of organic compounds based on functional groups: and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulphur
• Homologous series
• Isomerism
• structural and stereoisomerism
• Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC)
• Covalent bond fission - Homolytic and heterolytic: free radicals, carbocations, and carbanions
• Stability of carbocations
• Free radicals, electrophiles, and nucleophiles
• Electronic displacement in a covalent bond - Inductive effect, electromeric effect
• Resonance, and hyperconjugation
• Common types of organic reactions - Substitution, addition, elimination, and rearrangement

UNIT XV: HYDROCARBONS

• Classification
• Isomerism
• IUPAC nomenclature
• General methods of preparation
• Properties, and reactions
• Alkanes - Conformations
• Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane)
• Mechanism of halogenation of alkanes
• Alkenes - Geometrical isomerism
• Mechanism of electrophilic addition
• Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoffs and peroxide effect)
• Ozonolysis and polymerization
• Alkynes - Acidic character
• Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, and hydrogen halides
• Polymerization
• Aromatic hydrocarbons - Nomenclature
• Benzene - structure and aromaticity
• Mechanism of electrophilic substitution, halogenation, nitration
• Friedel - Craft’s alkylation and acylation
• Directive influence of the functional group in monosubstituted benzene

UNIT XVI: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING HALOGENS

• General methods of preparation
• Properties and reactions
• Nature of C-X bond
• Mechanisms of substitution reactions
• Uses
• Environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform, freons, and DDT

UNIT XVII: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING OXYGEN

• General methods of preparation, properties, reactions, and uses ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS, AND ETHERS
• Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols
• Mechanism of dehydration
• Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions
• Halogenation
• Nitration and sulphonation
• Reimer - Tiemann reaction
• Ethers: Structure
• Aldehyde and Ketones
• Nature of carbonyl group
• Nucleophilic addition to >C=O group
• Relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones
• Important reactions such as - Nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN, NH3, and its derivatives)
• Grignard reagent
• Oxidation
• Reduction (Wolf Kishner and Clemmensen)
• The acidity of α-hydrogen
• Aldol condensation
• Cannizzaro reaction
• Haloform reaction
• Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones
• Carboxylic Acids Acidic strength and factors affecting it

UNIT XVIII: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN

• General methods of preparation. Properties, reactions, and uses
• Amines: Nomenclature, classification structure, basic character, and identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines and their basic character
• Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry

UNIT XIX: BIOMOLECULES

• General introduction and importance of biomolecules
• CARBOHYDRATES - Classification
• Aldoses and ketoses: monosaccharides (glucose and fructose)
• Constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, and maltose)
• PROTEINS - Elementary Idea of α-amino acids
• Peptide bond
• Polypeptides
• Proteins:primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only)
• Denaturation of proteins,
• Enzymes
• VITAMINS - Classification and functions
• NUCLEIC ACIDS - Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA
• Biological functions of nucleic acids
• Hormones (General introduction)

UNIT XX: PRINCIPLES RELATED TO PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY

• Detection of extra elements (Nitrogen, Sulphur, halogens) in organic compounds
• Detection of the following functional groups
• hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketones) carboxyl, and amino groups in organic compounds
• The chemistry involved in the preparation of the following: Inorganic compounds
• Mohr’s salt, potash alum
• Organic compounds: Acetanilide, p-nitro acetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform
• The chemistry involved in the titrimetric exercises — Acids, bases and the use of indicators
• oxalic acid vs KMnO4, Mohr’s salt vs KMnO4
• Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis: Cations - Pb2+, Cu2+, A13+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, NH4+ Anions- CO32-, S2-, SO42-, NO3-, NO2-, Cl-, Br-
• Insoluble salts excluded. Chemical principles involved in the following experiments:
• Enthalpy of solution of CuSO4
• Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base.
• Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols.
• Kinetic study of the reaction of iodide ions with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature

BIOLOGY

UNIT I: DIVERSITY IN LIVING WORLD

• What is living?
• Biodiversity
• Need for classification
• Taxonomy & Systematics
• Concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy
• Binomial nomenclature
• Five kingdom classification
• salient features and classification of Monera
• Protista and Fungi into major groups; Lichens
• Viruses and Viroids. Salient features and classification of plants into major groups-Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms (three to five salient and distinguishing features and at least two examples of each category)
• Salient features and classification of animals-nonchordate up to phyla level and chordate up to classes level (three to five salient features and at least two examples)

UNIT II: STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS AND PLANTS

• Morphology and modifications
• Tissues
• Anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering plants
• Stem
• Root
• Leaf
• Inflorescence- cymose and recemose
• Flower
• Fruit
• Seed (To be dealt along with the relevant practical of the Practical Syllabus)
• Family (malvaceae, Cruciferae, leguminoceae, compositae, graminae)
• Animal tissues
• Morphology
• Anatomy and functions of different systems(digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of an insect (Frog) (Brief account only)

UNIT III: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

• Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life
• Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell
• Plant cell and animal cell
• Cell membrane
• Cell wall
• Cell envelope
• Cell organelles structure and function
• Endomembrane system-endoplasmic reticulum
• Golgi bodies
• Lysosomes
• Vacuoles
• Mitochondria
• Ribosomes
• Plastids
• Micro bodies
• Cytoskeleton
• Cilia
• Flagella
• centrioles
• Nucleus-nuclear membrane
• Chromatin(ultra structure and function)
• Nucleolus
• Chemical constituents of living cells
• Biomolecules-structure
• Function of proteins
• Carbodydrates
• Lipids
• Nucleic acids
• Enzymes-types
• Properties
• Enzyme action
• Classification and nomenclature of anzymes
• B Cell division
• Cell cycle
• Mitosis
• Meiosis and their significance

UNIT IV: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

• Photosynthesis
• Photosynthesis as a means of Autotrophic nutrition;
• Site of photosynthesis take place
• pigments involved in Photosynthesis (Elementary idea)
• Photochemical
• Biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis
• Cyclic and non cyclic and photophosphorylation
• Chemiosmotic hypothesis
• Photorespiration C3 and C4 pathways
• Factors affecting photosynthesis
• Respiration
• Exchange gases
• Cellular respiration-glycolysis
• Fermentation (anaerobic)
• TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic)
• Energy relations-Number of ATP molecules generated
• Amphibolic pathways
• Respiratory quotient
• Plant growth and development
• Seed germination
• Phases of Plant growth and plant growth rate
• Conditions of growth
• Differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation
• Sequence of developmental process in a plant cell
• Growth regulatorsauxin
• Gibberellin
• Cytokinin
• Ethylene
• ABA

UNIT V: HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

• Breathing and Respiration
• Respiratory organs in animals (recall only)
• Respiratory system in humans
• Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans-Exchange of gases
• Transport of gases
• Regulation of respiration Respiratory volumes
• Disorders related to respiration-Asthma
• Emphysema
• Occupational respiratory disorders
• Body fluids and circulation
• Composition of blood
• Blood groups
• Coagulation of blood
• Composition of lymph and its function
• Human circulatory system-Structure of human heart
• Blood vessels
• Cardiac cycle
• Cardiac output
• ECG
• Double circulation
• Regulation of cardiac activity
• Disorders of circulatory system-Hypertension
• Coronary artery disease
• Angina pectoris
• Heart failure
• Excretory products and their elimination
• Modes of excretion- Ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism
• Human excretory system-structure and fuction
• Urine formation
• Osmoregulation
• Regulation of kidney function-Renin
• Angiotensin
• Atrial Natriuretic Factor
• ADH and Diabetes insipidus
• Role of other organs in excretion
• Disorders
• Uraemia
• Renal failure
• Renal calculi
• Nephritis
• Dialysis and artificial kidney
• Locomotion and Movement: Types of movement
• Ciliary
• Fiagellar
• Muscular
• Skeletal muscle-contractile proteins
• Muscle contraction
• Skeletal system and its functions(To be dealt with the relevant practical of Practical syllabus)
• Joints
• Disorders of muscular and skeletal system
• Myasthenia gravis
• Tetany
• Muscular dystrophy
• Arthritis
• Osteoporosis
• Gout
• Neural control and coordination
• Neuron and nerves
• Nervous system in humans central nervous system
• Peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous system
• Generation and conduction of nerve impulse
• Chemical coordination and regulation
• Endocrine glands and hormones
• Human endocrine system
• Hypothalamus
• Pituitary
• Pineal
• Thyroid
• Parathyroid
• Adrenal
• Pancreas
• Gonads
• Mechanism of hormone action (Elementary Idea)
• Role of hormones as messengers and regulators
• Hypo-and hyperactivity and related disorders
• Common disorders e.g. Dwarfism
• Acromegaly
• Cretinism
• Goiter
• Exopthalmic goiter
• Diabetes
• Addison’s disease
• (Imp: Diseases and disorders mentioned above to be dealt in brief)

UNIT VI: Reproduction

• Sexual reproduction in flowering plants
• Flower structure
• Development of male and female gametophytes
• Pollination-types, agencies and examples
• Outbreeding devices
• Pollen-Pistil interaction
• Double fertilization
• Post fertilization events- Development of endosperm and embryo
• Development of seed and formation of fruit
• Special modes apomixis parthenocarpy, polyembryony
• Significance of seed and fruit formation
• Human Reproduction
• Male and female reproductive systems
• Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary
• Gametogenesis-spermatogenesis
• Oogenesis
• Menstrual cycle
• Fertilisation
• Embryo development upto blastocyst formation
• Implantation
• Pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea)
• Parturition (Elementary idea)
• Lactation (Elementary idea)
• Reproductive health
• Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD)
• Birth control-Need and Methods
• Contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP)
• Amniocentesis
• Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies - IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea for general awareness)

UNIT VII: GENETICS AND EVOLUTION

• Heredity and variation
• Mendelian Inheritance
• Deviations from Mendelism
• Incomplete dominance
• Co-dominance
• Multiple alleles
• Inheritance of blood groups
• Pleiotropy
• Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance
• Chromosome theory of inheritance
• Chromosomes and genes
• Sex determination -
• In humans
• Birds
• Honey bee
• Linkage and crossing over
• Sex linked inheritance
• Haemophilia
• Colour blindness
• Mendelian disorders in humans-
• Thalassemia
• Chromosomal disorders in humans
• Down’s syndrome
• Turner’s syndromes
• Klinefelter’s syndromes
• Molecular basis of Inheritance
• Search for genetic material
• DNA as genetic material
• Structure of DNA
• RNA
• DNA packaging
• DNA replication
• Central dogma
• Transcription
• Genetic code
• Translation
• Gene expression and regulation- Lac Operon
• Genome and human genome project
• DNA finger printing
• Protein biosynthesis
• Evolution: Origin of life
• Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution from Paleontology
• Comparative anatomy
• Embryology and molecular evidence
• Darwin’s contribution
• Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution
• Mechanism of evolution
• Variation (Mutation and Recombination)
• Natural Selection with examples
• Types of natural selection
• Gene flow and genetic drift
• Hardy-Weinberg’s principle
• Adaptive Radiation
• Human evolution

UNIT VIII: BIOLOGY AND HUMAN WELFARE

• Health and Disease
• Pathogens
• Parasites causing human diseases
• Malaria
• Filariasis
• Ascariasis
• Typhoid
• Pneumonia
• Common cold
• Amoebiasis
• Ring worm
• Dengue
• Chikungunya
• Basic concepts of immunology
• Vaccines
• Cancer
• HIV and AIDS
• Adolescence
• Drug and alcohol abuse
• Tobacco abuse
• Microbes in human welfare
• In household food processing
• Industrial production
• Sewage treatment
• Energy generation
• As biocontrol agents and biofertilizers

UNIT IX: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

• Principles and process of Biotechnology
• Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology)
• Application of Biotechnology in health and agriculture
• Human insulin
• Vaccine production
• Gene therapy
• Genetically modified organisms-Bt crops
• Transgenic Animals
• Biosafety issues-Biopiracy and patents

UNIT X: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

• Organisms and environment Population interactions mutualism, competition. predation, parasitism
• Population attributes-growth
• Birth rate and death rate
• Age distribution
• Ecosystem: Patterns, components
• Productivity and decomposition
• Energy flow
• Pyramids of number
• Biomass
• Energy
• Biodiversity and its conservation
• Concept of Biodiversity
• Patterns of Biodiversity
• Importance of Biodiversity
• Loss of Biodiversity
• Biodiversity conservation
• Hotspots
• Endangered organisms
• Extinction
• Red Data Book
• Biosphere reserves
• National parks and sanctuaries
• Sacred Groves