ICAR AIEEA (UG) Syllabus
PHYSICS
UNIT I: ELECTROSTATICS
- Electric charges and their conservation
- Coulomb’s law forces between two point charges
- Forces between multiple charges
- superposition principle and continuous charge distribution
- Electric field
- Electric field due to a point charge
- Electric field lines
- Electric dipole
- Electric field due to a dipole
- Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field
- Electric flux
- Statement of Gauss’s theorem & Its applications to find field due to infnitely long straight wire
- Uniformly charged infinite plane sheet
- Uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside)
- Electric potential
- Potential difference
- Electric potential due to a point charge
- A dipole and system of charges
- Equipotential surfaces
- Electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges
- electric dipole in an electrostatic field
- Conductors and insulators
- Free charges and bound charges inside a conductor.
- Dielectrics and electric polarization
- Capacitors and capacitances
- Combination of capacitors in series and parallel
- Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates
- Energy stored in a capacitor
- Van de Graaff generator.
UNIT II: CURRENT ELECTRICITY
- Electric current
- Flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor
- Drift velocity and Mobility and their relation with electric current
- Ohm’s law
- Electrical resistance
- V - I characteristics (linear and non-linear)
- Electrical energy and power
- Electrical resistivity and conductivity
- Carbon resistors
- Colour code for carbon resistors
- Series and parallel combinations of resistors
- Temperature dependence of resistance
- Internal resistance of a cell
- Potential difference and emf of a cell
- A combination of cells in series and parallel
- Kirchoff’s laws and simple applications
- Wheatstone bridge
- Metre Bridge
- Potentiometer - principle and its applications to measure Potential difference and for comparing emf of two cells
- Measurement of internal resistance of a cell
UNIT III: MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM
- Concept of magnetic field
- Oersted’s experiment
- Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop
- Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire, straight and toroidal solenoids
- Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields
- Cyclotron
- Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field
- The force between two parallel currents carrying conductors - definition of ampere
- Torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field
- moving coil galvanometer – its current sensitivity
- conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.
- Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment
- Magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron.
- Magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis
- Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field
- Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid
- Magnetic field lines
- Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements
- Para-, dia- and ferromagnetic substances, with examples
- Electromagnets and factors affecting their strengths
- Permanent magnets
UNIT IV: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENTS
- Electromagnetic induction
- Faraday’s law
- Induced emf and current
- Lenz’s Law
- Eddy currents
- Self and mutual inductance
- Alternating currents
- Peak and RMS value of alternating current/ voltage
- Reactance and impedance
- LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only)
- LCR series circuit
- Resonance
- Power in AC circuits
- Wattless current
- AC generator and
- Transformer
UNIT V: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
- Need for Displacement current
- Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics (qualitative ideas only)
- Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves
- Electromagnetic spectrum(radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet. X-rays. Gamma rays)
- Including elementary facts about their uses
UNIT VI: OPTICS
- Reflection of light
- Spherical mirrors
- Mirror formula
- Refraction of light
- Total internal reflection and its applications
- Optical fibres
- Refraction at spherical surfaces
- Lenses
- Thin lens formula
- Lens maker formula
- Magnification
- Power of a Lens
- combination of thin lenses in contact combination of a lens and a mirror
- Refraction of light through a prism
- Scattering of light - blue colour of the sky and reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset
- Optical instruments: Human eye
- Optical instruments: image formation and accommodation
- Optical instruments: correction of eye defects (myopia, hypermetropia, presbyopia and astigmatism) using lenses
- Microscope and Astronomical Telescope (reflecting and refracting ) and their magnifying powers
- Wave optics: wavefront and Huygens’ principle
- Reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using wave fronts.
- Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens principle
- Interference
- Young’s double-slit experiment and expression for fringe width
- Coherent sources and
- Sustained interference of light
- Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum
- Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes
- Polarization
- Plane-polarized light
- Brewster’s law
- Uses of plane-polarized light and Polaroid
UNIT VII: DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATION
- Dual nature of radiation
- Photoelectric effect
- Hertz and Lenard’s observations
- Einstein’s photoelectric equation-particle nature of light
- Matter waves-wave nature of particle
- De Broglie relation
- Davisson-Germer experiment(experimental details should be omitted; only the conclusion should be explained.)
UNIT VIII: ATOMS & NUCLEI
- Alpha-particle scattering experiment
- Rutherford’s model of atom
- Bohr model
- Energy level’s
- Hydrogen spectrum
- Composition and size of nucleus
- Atomic masses
- Isotopes
- Isobars
- Isotones
- Radioactivity, alpha,beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties
- Radioactive decay law
- Mass-energy relation
- Mass defect
- Binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number
- Nuclear fission
- Nuclear fusion
UNIT IX: ELECTRONIC DEVICES
- Energy bands in solids (qualitative ideas only)
- conductors
- insulators
- Semiconductors
- Semiconductor diode: I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias
- Semiconductor diode: diode as a rectifier
- I - V characteristics of LED
- Photodiode
- Solar cell
- Zener diode
- Zener diode as a voltage regulator
- Junction transistor
- Transistor action
- Characteristics of a transistor
- Transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator
- Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR) Transistor as a switch
UNIT X: COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
- Elements of a communication system (block diagram only)
- Bandwidth of signals (speech, TV and digital data)
- Bandwidth of transmission medium
- Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere
- Sky and space wave propagation
- Need for modulation
- Production and detection of an amplitude-modulated wave
CHEMISTRY
Unit I: Solid State
- Classification of solids based on different binding forces: molecular
- Classification of solids based on different binding forces: ionic
- Classification of solids based on different binding forces: covalent
- Classification of solids based on different binding forces: metallic solids
- Amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea)
- Unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices
- Calculation of density of unit cell
- packing in solids
- voids
- Number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell
- Point defects
- Electrical and magnetic properties
- Band theory of metals
- conductors
- semiconductors and insulators and n and p-type semiconductors.
Unit II: Solutions
- Types of solutions
- expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids
- the solubility of gases in liquids
- solid solutions
- colligative properties – the relative lowering of vapour pressure
- Raoult’s law
- elevation of B.P.
- depression of freezing point
- osmotic pressure
- determination of molecular masses using colligative properties
- abnormal molecular mass
- Vant Hoff factor.
Unit III: Electrochemistry
- Redox reactions
- conductance in electrolytic solutions
- specific and molar conductivity variations of conductivity with concentration
- Kohlrausch’s Law
- electrolysis and laws of electrolysis (elementary idea)
- dry cell – electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells
- lead accumulator
- EMF of a cell
- standard electrode potential
- Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells.
- Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell
- fuel cells
- corrosion.
Unit IV: Chemical Kinetics
- Rate of a reaction (average and instantaneous)
- factors affecting rates of reaction: concentration, temperature, catalyst
- order and molecularity of a reaction
- rate law and specific rate constant
- integrated rate equations
- half-life (only for zero and first-order reactions)
- concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment).
- Activationenergy
- Arrhenius equation.
Unit V: Surface Chemistry
- Adsorption – physisorption and chemisorption
- factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids
- catalysis: homogenous and heterogeneous
- activity and selectivity: enzyme catalysis
- colloidal state: the distinction between true solutions, colloids, and suspensions
- lyophilic
- lyophobic multimolecular and macromolecular colloids
- properties of colloids
- Tyndall effect
- Brownian movement
- electrophoresis
- coagulation
- emulsions – types of emulsions.
Unit VI: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
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Principles and methods of extraction – concentration, oxidation, reduction electrolytic method, and refining
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occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminum, copper, zinc, and iron.
Unit VII: p-Block Elements
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Group 15 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties
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nitrogen – preparation, properties, and uses
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compounds of nitrogen: preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acid, oxides of nitrogen ( structure only)
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Phosphorous-allotropic forms
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compounds of phosphorous: preparation and properties of phosphine, halides (PCl3, PCl5) and oxoacids (elementary idea only).
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Group 16 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties
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dioxygen: preparation, properties, and uses
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classification of oxides
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ozone.
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Sulphur – allotropic forms
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compounds of sulphur: preparation, properties, and uses of sulphur dioxide
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sulphuric acid: industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses, oxoacids of sulphur (structures only).
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Group 17 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties
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compounds of halogens: preparation, properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds, oxoacids of halogens(structures only).
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Group 18 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, uses.
Unit VIII: d and f Block Elements
- General introduction
- electronic configuration
- occurrence and characteristics of transition metals
- general trends in properties of the first-row transition metals – metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation.
- Preparation and properties of $K_2 Cr_2 O_7$ and $KMnO_4$
- Lanthanoids – electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity, and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences.
- Actinoids– Electronic configuration, oxidation states, and comparison with lanthanoids.
Unit IX Coordination Compounds
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Coordination compounds: Introduction
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ligands
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coordination number
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colour
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magnetic properties and shapes
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IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds
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bonding
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Werner’s theory
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VBT
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CFT
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isomerism (structural and stereo)
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importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biologicalsystems).
Unit X: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
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Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions. Optical rotation.
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Haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen for monosubstituted compounds only).
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Uses and environmental effects of– dichloromethane,trichloromethane,tetrachloromethane,iodoform, freons, DDT.
Unit XI: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
- Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only)
- identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols
- mechanism of dehydration, uses, with special reference to methanol and ethanol.
- Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic substitution reactions, uses of phenols.
- Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.
Unit XII: Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids
- Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of nucleophilic addition, the reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes uses.
- Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses.
Unit XIII: Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen
Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary secondary, and tertiary amines.
- Cyanides and Isocyanides – will be mentioned at relevant places in context.
- Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions, and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.
Unit XIV: Biomolecules
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Carbohydrates – Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharide (glucose and fructose), D-L configuration, oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen) : importance.
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Proteins - Elementary idea of a-amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes.
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Hormones – Elementary idea (excluding structure).
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Vitamins – Classification and functions.
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Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA
Unit XV: Polymers
- Classification – Natural and synthetic, methods of polymerization (addition and condensation), copolymerization.
- Some important polymers: natural and synthetic like polythene, nylon, polyesters, bakelite, rubber.
- Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers.
Unit XVI: Chemistry in Everyday Life
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- Chemicals in medicines – analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines.
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- Chemicalsin food– preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, elementary idea of antioxidants.
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- Cleansing agents – soaps and detergents, cleansing action
MATHEMATICS
UNIT I: SETS AND FUNCTIONS
Sets :
- Sets and their representatio
- Empty set
- Finite & Infinite sets
- Equal sets
- Subsets
- Subsets of the set of real numbers especially intervals (with notations)
- Power set
- Universal set
- Venn diagrams
- Union and Intersection of sets
- Difference of sets
- Complement of a set
Relations & Functions:
- Ordered pairs
- Cartesian product of sets
- Number of elements in the cartesian product of two finite sets
- Cartesian product of the reals with itself (upto R x R x R)
- Definition of relation
- Types of relations: reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence relations
- One to one and onto functions
- Composite functions
- Inverse of a function
- Binary operations
- Pictorial representation of a function
- Domain
- Co-domain and range of a relation
- Function as a special kind of relation from one set to another
- Real valued function of the real variable, domain and range of these functions, constant, identity, polynomial, rational, modulus, signum and greatest integer functions with their graphs
- Sum, difference, product and quotients of functions
Trigonometric Functions:
- Positive and negative angles.
- Measuring angles in radians & in degrees and conversion from one measure to another
- Definition of trigonometric functions with the help of unit circle
- Truth of the identity sin2x + cos2x=1, for all x
- Signs of trigonometric functions and sketch of their graphs
- Expressing sin (x+y) and cos (x+y) in terms of sinx, siny, cosx&cosy
- Deducing the identities like the following:
- $\tan (x \pm y)=\frac{\tan x \pm \tan y}{1 \pm \tan x \tan y}, \cot (x \pm y)=\frac{\cot x \cot y \pm 1}{\cot y \pm \cot x}$
- $\cos x+\cos y=2 \cos \frac{x+y}{2} \cos \frac{x-y}{2}$
- $\sin x-\sin y=2 \cos \frac{x+y}{2} \sin \frac{x-y}{2}$
- $\cos x-\cos y=-2 \sin \frac{x+y}{2} \sin \frac{x-y}{2}$
- Identities related to sin2x, cos2x, tan2x, sin3x, cos3x and tan3x
- General solution of trigonometric equations of the type sin è ?= sin á, cos è ?= cos á ?and tan è ?= tan á
Inverse Trigonometric Functions:
- Definition, range, domain, principal value branches
- Graphs of inverse trigonometric functions
- Elementary properties of inverse trigonometric functions
- Properties of triangles, including centroid, incentre, circum-centre and orthocentre, Solution of triangles
- Heights and Distances
Unit II: ALGEBRA
Principle of Mathematical Induction:
- Processes of the proof by induction
- Motivating the application of the method by looking at natural numbers as the least inductive subset of real numbers
- The principle of mathematical induction and simple applications
Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations:
- Need for complex numbers, especially -1
- To be motivated by inability to solve every quadratic equation
- Brief description of algebraic properties of complex numbers
- Argand plane and polar representation of complex numbers
- Statement of Fundamental Theorem of Algebra
- Solution of quadratic equations in the complex number system
Linear Inequalities:
- Linear inequalities
- Algebraic solutions of linear inequalities in one variable and their representation on the number line
- Graphical solution of linear inequalities in two variables
- Solution of system of linear inequalities in two variables- graphically
Permutations & Combinations:
- Fundamental principle of counting
- Factorial n. ( n!)
- Permutations and combinations,
- Derivation of formulae and their connections
- Simple applications
Binomial Theorem:
- History, statement and proof of the binomial theorem for positive integral indices
- Pascal’s triangle
- General and middle term in binomial expansion
- Simple applications
Sequence and Series:
- Sequence and Series
- Arithmetic progression (A. P.) Arithmetic progression (A. P.)
- Arithmetic mean (A.M.)
- Geometric progression (G.P.)
- General term of a G.P.
- sum of $n$ terms of a G.P.
- Geometric mean (G.M.)
- Relation between A.M. and G.M.
- Sum to $n$ terms of the special series Ón, Ón2 and Ón³
Matrices:
- Concept
- Notation,
- Order
- Equality
- Types of matrices
- Zero matrix
- Transpose of a matrix,
- Symmetric and skew symmetric matrices
- Addition, multiplication and scalar multiplication of matrices
- Simple properties of addition
- Multiplication and scalar multiplication
- Non-commutativity of multiplication of matrices and existence of non-zero matrices whose product is the zero matrix (restrict to square matrices of order 2)
- Concept of elementary row and column operations
- Invertible matrices and proof of the uniqueness of inverse, if it exists
Determinants:
Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3x3 matrices)
- Properties of determinants, minors, cofactors and
- Applications of determinants in finding the area of a triangle
- Adjoint and inverse of a square matrix
- Consistency, inconsistency and number of solutions of system of linear equations by examples
- Solving system of linear equations in two or three variables (having unique solution) using inverse of a matrix
Unit III: COORDINATE GEOMETRY
Straight Lines:
- Slope of a line and angle between two lines
- Various forms of equations of a line: parallel to axes, point-slope form, slope-intercept form, two-point form, intercepts form and normal form
- General equation of a line
- Distance of a point from a line
Conic Sections:
- Sections of a cone: circle, ellipse, parabola, hyperbola, a point
- A straight line and pair of intersecting lines as a degenerated case of a conic section
- Standard equations and simple properties of parabola, ellipse and hyperbola
- Standard equation of a circle
Introduction to Three-dimensional Geometry:
- Coordinate axes and coordinate planes in three dimensions
- Coordinates of a point
- Distance between two points and section formula
Unit VI: CALCULUS
Limits and Derivatives:
- Derivative introduced as rate of change both as that of distance function and geometrically
- Intuitive idea of limit
- Definition of derivative
- Relate it to slope of tangent of the curve
- Derivative of sum, difference
- Product and quotient of functions
- Derivatives of polynomial and trigonometric functions
Continuity and Differentiability:
- Continuity and differentiability
- Derivative of composite functions
- Chain rule
- Derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions
- Derivative of implicit function
- Concept of exponential and logarithmic functions and their derivative
- Logarithmic differentiation
- Derivative of functions expressed in parametric forms
- Second order derivatives
- Rolle’s and Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorems (without proof) and their geometric interpretations
Applications of Derivatives:
- Applications of derivatives: rate of change, increasing/decreasing functions, tangents & normals, approximation
- Maxima and minima (first derivative test motivated geometrically and second derivative test given as a provable tool)
- Simple problems
Integrals:
- Integration as inverse process of differentiation
- Integration of a variety of functions by substitution, by partial fractions and by parts
- Only simple integrals of the type
$$\int \frac{d x}{x^{2} \pm a^{2}} \int \frac{d x}{\sqrt{x^{2} \pm a^{2}}} \int \frac{d x}{\sqrt{a^{2}-x^{2}}} \int \frac{d x}{a x^{2}+b x+c} \int \frac{d x}{\sqrt{a x^{2}+b x+c}} \int \frac{(p x+q)}{a x^{2}+b x+c} d x$$
$$ \int \frac{(p x+q)}{\sqrt{a x^{2}+b x+c}} d x \int \sqrt{a^{2} \pm x^{2}} d x \text { and } \int \sqrt{x^{2}-a^{2}} d x $$ $$ \text {to be evaluated} $$
- Definite integrals as a limit of a sum
- Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (without proof)
- Basic properties of definite integrals and evaluation of definite integrals
Applications of the Integrals:
- Applications in finding the area under simple curves, especially lines, areas of circles/ parabolas/ellipses (in standard form only)
- Area between the two above said curves
Differential Equations:
- Definition, order and degree
- General and particular solutions of a differential equation
- Formation of differential equation whose general solution is given
- Solution of differential equations by method of separation of variables
- Homogeneous differential equations of first order and first degree
- Solutions of linear differential equation of the type $: \frac{d y}{d x}+p y=q$, where $\mathrm{p}$ and $\mathrm{q}$ are functions of $x$
Unit V: VECTORS AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
Vectors:
- Vectors and scalars
- Magnitude and direction of a vector
- Direction cosines/ratios of vectors
- Types of vectors (equal, unit, zero, parallel and collinear vectors)
- Position vector of a point
- Negative of a vector
- Components of a vector
- Addition of vectors
- Multiplication of a vector by a scalar
- Position vector of a point dividing a line segment in a given ratio
- Scalar (dot) product of vectors
- Projection of a vector on a line
- Vector (cross) product of vectors
Three-dimensional Geometry:
- Direction cosines/ratios of a line joining two points
- Cartesian and vector equation of a line
- Coplanar
- Skew lines
- Shortest distance between two lines
- Cartesian and vector equation of a plane. Angle between (i) two lines, (ii) two planes. (iii) a line and a plane. Distance of a point from a plane
Unit VI: Linear Programming
- Introduction
- Definition of related terminology such as constraints
- Objective function
- Optimization
- Different types of linear programming (L.P.) problems
- Mathematical formulation of L.P. problems
- Graphical method of solution for problems in two variables
- Feasible and infeasible regions
- Feasible and infeasible solutions
- Optimal feasible solutions (up to three non-trivial constraints)
Unit VII: Mathematical Reasoning
- Mathematically acceptable statements
- Connecting words/ phrases consolidating the understanding of “if and only if (necessary and sufficient) condition”, “implies”, “and/or”, “implied by”, “and”, “or”, “there exists” and their use through variety of examples related to real life and Mathematics
- Validating the statements involving the connecting words
- Difference between contradiction
- Converse and contrapositive
Unit VIII: STATISTICS & PROBABILITY
Statistics:
- Measures of central tendency
- Mean, median and mode from ungrouped/grouped data
- Measures of dispersion, mean deviation
- Variance and standard deviation from ungrouped/grouped data
- Correlation, regression lines
Probability:
- Random experiments: outcomes, sample spaces (set representation)
- Events: occurrence of events, ’not’, ‘and’ and ‘or’ events
- Exhaustive events, mutually exclusive events
- Axiomatic (set theoretic) probability
- Probability of an event
- Probability of ’not’, ‘and’ & ‘or’ events
- Multiplication theorem on probability
- Conditional probability, independent events, total probability
- Bayes’ theorem, Random variable and its probability distribution
- Mean and variance of stochastic variable
- Repeated independent (Bernoulli) trials and Binomial distribution
Unit IX: STATICS
- Introduction
- Basic concepts and basic laws of mechanics
- Force
- Resultant of forces acting at a point
- Parallelogram law of forces
- Resolved parts of a force
- Equilibrium of a particle under three concurrent forces
- Triangle law of forces and its converse
- Lami’s theorem and its converse
- Two Parallel forces, like and unlike parallel forces, couple and its moment
Unit X: DYNAMICS
- Speed and velocity
- Average speed
- Instantaneous speed
- Acceleration and retardation
- Resultant of two velocities
- Motion of a particle along a line, moving with constant acceleration
- Motion under gravity
- Laws of motion
- Projectile motion
BIOLOGY
Unit I: Reproduction
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Reproduction in organisms: Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species
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Modes of reproduction – Asexual and sexual, Asexual reproduction
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Modes- Binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule, fragmentation
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vegetative propagation in plants.
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Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Flower structure
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Development of male and female gametophytes
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Pollination– types, agencies and examples
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Outbreedings devices
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Pollen-Pistil interaction
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Double fertilization
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Post fertilization events– Development of endosperm and embryo, Development of seed and formation of fruit
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Special modes– apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony
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Significance ofseed and fruit formation.
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Human Reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems
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Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary
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Gametogenesis- spermatogenesis & oogenesis
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Menstrual cycle
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Fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation
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Pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea)
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Parturition(Elementaryidea)
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Lactation (Elementaryidea).
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Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD)
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Birth control- Need and Methods, Contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP)
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Amniocentesis
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Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies – IVF, IUI, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea forgeneral awareness).
Unit II: Genetics and Evolution
Heredity and variation: Mendelian Inheritance
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Deviations from Mendelism – Incomplete dominance, Co-dominance, Multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups, Pleiotropy
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Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance
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Chromosome theory of inheritance
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Chromosomes and genes;
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SexdeterminationV–VInhumans,birds, honeybee
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Link age and crossing overV
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Sex linked inheritance- Haemophilia, Colour blindness
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Mendelian disorders in humans– Thalassemia
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Chromosomal disordersin humans
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Down’s syndrome, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes.
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Molecular Basis of Inheritance: Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material
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Structure of DNA and RNA
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DNA packaging
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DNA replication
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Central dogma
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Transcription, genetic code,translation
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Gene expression and regulation – Lac Operon
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Genome and human genome project
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DNA fingerprinting.
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Evolution: Origin of life
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Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (Paleontological, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence)
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Darwin’s contribution, Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution
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Mechanism of evolution–Variation(Mutation and Recombination) and Natural Selection with examples, types of natural selection
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Gene flow and genetic dirft
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Hardy-Weinberg’s principle
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Adaptive Radiation
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Humanevolution.
Unit III: Biology and Human Welfare
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Health and Disease: Pathogens
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parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis, Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm)
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Basic concepts of immunology–vaccines
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Cancer, HIV and AIDs
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Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse.
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Improvement in food production: Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein, Biofortification
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Apiculture and Animal husbandry.
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Microbes in human welfare: In household food processing,industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and as bio control agents and biofertilizers.
Unit IV: Biotechnology and Its Applications
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Principles and process of Biotechnology:Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology).
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Application of Bio technology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, genetherapy
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Genetically modified organisms- Btcrops
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Transgenic Animals
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Bio safety issues– Biopiracy and patents.
Unit V: Ecology and environment
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Organisms and environment: Habitat and niche
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Population and ecological adaptations
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Population interactions– mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism
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Population attributes– growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution.
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Ecosystems: Patterns, components
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productivity and decomposition
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Energy flow
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Pyramids of number, biomass, energy
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Nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorous)
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Ecological succession
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Ecological Services– Carbon fixation, pollination, oxygenrelease.
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Biodiversityand its conservation: Concept of Biodiversity
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Patterns of Biodiversity
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Importance of Biodiversity
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Loss of Biodiversity
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Biodiversity conservation
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Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biospherereserves, National parks and sanctuaries sacred groves, in-situ & ex-situ.
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Environmental issues: Air pollution and its control
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Water pollution and its control
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Agrochemicals and their effects
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Solid waste management
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Radioactive waste management
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Greenhouse effect and global warming
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Ozone depletion
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Deforestation
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Any three case studies as success stories addressing environmental issues.
AGRICULTURE
Unit I: AGROMETEOROLOGY, GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING, BIOCHEMISTRY AND MICROBIOLOGY
Agrometerology
Genetics & Plant Breeding
- Cell and its structure, cell division-mitosis and meiosis and their significance
- Organisation of the genetic materials in chromosomes, DNA and RNA
- Mendel’s laws of inheritance Reasons for the success of Mendel in his experiments, Absence of linkage in Mendel’s experiments
- Quantitative inheritance, continuous and discontinuous variation in plants.
- Monogenic and polygenic
- Inheritance
- Role of Genetics in Plant breeding, self and cross-pollinated crops, methods of breeding in field crops-introduction, selection, hybridization, mutation and polyploidy, tissue and cell culture
- Plant Biotechnology-definition and scope in crop production
Biochemistry
- PH and buffers
- Classification and nomenclature of carbohydrates
- Proteins
- Lipids
- Vitamins and enzymes
Microbiology
- Microbial cell structure
- Micro-organisms- Algae
- Bacteria
- Fungi
- Actinomycetes
- Protozoa and Viruses
- Role of micro-organisms in respiration, fermentation and organic matter decomposition
Unit-2: LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
Scope and importance
- Importance of livestock in agriculture and industry
- White revolution in India
- Important breeds Indian and exotic
- Distribution of cows
- Buffaloes and poultry in India
Care and management
- Systems of cattle and poultry housing
- Principles of feeding, feeding practices
- Balanced ration-definition and ingredients
- Management of calves, bullocks, pregnant and milch animals as well as chicks crockrels and layers, poultry
- Signs of sick animals
- Symptoms of common diseases in cattle and poultry, Rinderpest, black quarter, foot and mouth, mastitis and haemorrhagicsepticaemiacoccidiosis Fowl pox and Ranikhet disease, their prevention and control
Artificial Insemination
- Reproductive organs, collection, dilution and preservation of semen and artificial insemination, role of artificial insemination in cattle improvement.
Livestock Products
- Processing and marketing of milk and Milk products
Unit-3: CROP PRODUCTION
Introduction
- Targets and achievements in foodgrain production in India since independence and its future projections
- Sustainable crop production
- Commercialization of agriculture and its scope in India
- Classification of field crops based on their utility-cereals, pulses, oils seeds, fibre, sugar and forage crops
Soil, Soil fertility, Fertilizers and Manures
- Soil, soil pH, Soil texture, soil structure, soil organisms, soil tilth, soil fertility and soil health
- Essential plant nutrients, their functions and deficiency symptoms
- Soil types of India and their characteristics
- Organic manure, common fertilizers including straight, complex, fertilizer mixtures and biofertilizers integrated nutrient management system
Irrigation and Drainage
- Sources of irrigation (rain, canals, tanks, rivers, wells, tubewells)
- Scheduling of irrigation based on critical stages of growth, time interval, soil moisture content and weather parameters
- Water requirement of crops
- Methods of irrigation and drainage
- Watershed management
Weed Control
- Principles of weed control, methods of weed control (cultural, mechanical, chemical, biological and Integrated weed management)
Crops
- Seed bed preparation, seed treatment
- Time and method of sowing/planting, seed rate
- Dose, method and time of fertilizer application
- Irrigation
- Interculture and weed control
- Common pests and diseases
- Caused by bacteria
- Fungi virus and nematode and their control
- Integrated pest management
- Harvesting
- Threshing
- Post harvest technology: storage, processing and marketing of major field crops-Rice, wheat, maize, sorghum, pearl millet, groundnut, mustard, pigeon-pea, gram, sugarcane, cotton and berseem
Unit-4: HORTICULTURE
- Importance of fruits and vegetables in human diet, Crop diversification & processing Industry
- Orchardlocation and layout, ornamental gardening and kitchen garden
- Planting system, training, pruning, intercropping, protection from frost and sunburn
- Trees, shrubs, climbers, annuals, perennials-definition and examples
- Propagation by seed, cutting, budding, layering and grafting
- Cultivation practices, processing and marketing of: i. Fruits - mango, papaya, banana, guava, citrus, grapes ii. Vegetables - Radish, carrot, potato, onion, cauliflower, brinjal, tomato, spinach and cabbage iii. Flowers - Gladiolus, canna, chrysanthemums, roses and marigold
- Principles and methods of fruit and vegetable preservation
- Preparation of jellies, jams, ketchup, chips and their packing