Structural Organization- Anatomy Of Flowering Plants

1. The Root System

Root Structure:

• Types of roots:

• NCERT: Class 11, Ch. 6 “Anatomy of Flowering Plants”, page 127

• Root apex and its functions:

• NCERT: Class 11, Ch. 6 “Anatomy of Flowering Plants”, page 128

• Meristematic tissue

• Root cap’s protective function

• Root hairs and their significance:

• NCERT: Class 11, Ch. 6 “Anatomy of Flowering Plants”, page 131

• Absorption of water and nutrients

• Increase the surface area for efficient absorption

Modification of Roots:

• Tap roots and their modifications:
• Storage roots (e.g., carrot)
• Prop roots (e.g., banyan tree)
• Pneumatophores (e.g., Rhizophora)
• Adventitious roots and their modifications:
• Clinging roots (e.g., money plant)
• Stilt roots (e.g., maize)
• Epiphytic roots (e.g., orchids)

2. The Shoot System

Stem Structure:

• Types of stems:

• NCERT: Class 11, Ch. 6 “Anatomy of Flowering Plants”, page 135

• Herbaceous vs. woody stems

• Types of climbers

• Stem apex and its functions:

• NCERT: Class 11, Ch. 6 “Anatomy of Flowering Plants”, page 137

• Meristematic tissue

• Bud development

• Nodes, internodes, and buds:

• NCERT: Class 11, Ch. 6 “Anatomy of Flowering Plants”

• Bud position (axillary and terminal buds)

• Growth patterns

• Growth rings and their significance:

• NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Structural Organisation in Animals”, pages 30-31

• Reveal seasonal changes and age determination

Modification of Stems:

• Runners, rhizomes, and tubers:

• NCERT: Class 11, Ch. 6 “Anatomy of Flowering Plants”, page 139

• Vegetative propagation

• Thorns and tendrils:

• Protection and climbing, respectively

• Bulb, corm, and pseudo-bulb:

• NCERT: Class 11, Ch. 6 “Anatomy of Flowering Plants”, page 139

• Storage and vegetative reproduction

3. The Leaf

Leaf Structure:

• External morphology of a leaf:
• NCERT: Class 11, Ch. 6 “Anatomy of Flowering Plants”, pages 141-143
• Leaf shape, venation, and margin types
• Internal structure of a leaf (mesophyll, veins, and epidermis):
• NCERT: Class 11, Ch. 6 “Anatomy of Flowering Plants”, pages 143-145
• Photosynthesis, transport, and protection
• Types of leaf venation:
• NCERT: Class 11, Ch. 6 “Anatomy of Flowering Plants”, pages 141-142
• Reticulate vs. parallel venation
• Stomata and their significance in photosynthesis:
• NCERT: Class 11, Ch. 6 “Anatomy of Flowering Plants”, pages 145-146
• Gas exchange and transpiration control

Modifications of Leaves:

• Needle-like leaves:
• Reduced transpiration in dry conditions
• Scales:
• Protection and water conservation
• Tendrils and spines:
• Climbing and protection, respectively

4. Inflorescence

Types of Inflorescences:

• Racemose inflorescences:
• NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, page 45
• Simple raceme, compound raceme, corymb, umbel
• Cymose inflorescences:
• NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, page 45
• Dichasial cyme, monochasial cyme

Adaptations for Pollination:

• Pollination mechanisms (entomophily, anemophily, hydrophily):
• NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, pages 46-48
• Pollinating agents and floral adaptations
• Floral structures facilitating pollination (e.g., petals, sepals, nectar glands):
• NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, pages 48-50
• Attraction and reward for pollinators

5. The Flower

Parts of a Flower

• Calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium:
• NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, pages 48-50
• Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistil
• Floral diagrams and floral formulas:
• NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, pages 51-52
• Represent floral symmetry and structure
• Types of flowers based on symmetry (actinomorphic and zygomorphic):
• NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, page 50
• Radial vs. bilateral symmetry
• Complete and incomplete flowers:
• NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, page 51
• Presence or absence of all floral parts
• Bisexual and unisexual flowers:
• NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, page 51
• Presence of both male and female reproductive parts

Stamen:

• Structure of a stamen (filament and anther):
• NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, page 52
• Microsporangium and pollen production
• Types of anthers:
• NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, page 54
• Based on anther structure and arrangement
• Microsporogenesis and the development of the male gametophyte:
• NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, pages 54-55
• Stages of pollen formation and development

Pistil:

• Structure of a pistil (ovary, style, and stigma):
• NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, page 56
• Ovule production and pollination site
• Types of ovaries:
• NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, page 57
• Based on ovary structure and position
• Megasporogenesis and the development of the female gametophyte (embryo sac):
• NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, pages 58-59
• Stages of embryo sac formation and development

Fertilization and Post-Fertilization Events

• Process of fertilization:
• NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, page 61
• Fusion of male and female gametes
• Formation and development of endosperm:
• NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, page 62
• Nutrient storage for embryo development
• Development of embryo (embryogenesis):
• NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, pages 62-63
• Early stages of plant growth
• Types of embryo sacs:
• NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, page 59
• Monosporic, bisporic, and tetrasporic types

Seed Structure and Germination

• Parts of a seed (embryo, cotyledons, and seed coat):
• NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, page 65
• Stored food and protection for the embryo
• Types of seeds:
• NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, page 66
• Classification based on seed-coat structure
• Process of seed germination and seedling growth:
• NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, page 67
• Conditions and stages of seed germination

Fruit Structure and Types:

• Structure and classification of fruits (simple, aggregate, multiple):
• NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, pages 69-70
• Based on ovary development and structure
• Types of fleshy fruits (e.g., drupe, berry):
• NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, page 70
• Classification based on fruit characteristics
• Types of dry fruits (e.g., capsule, nut):
• NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, page 70
• Classification based on fruit characteristics