Structural Organizationanatomy Of Flowering Plants Topic
Structural Organization- Anatomy Of Flowering Plants
1. The Root System
Root Structure:
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Types of roots:
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NCERT: Class 11, Ch. 6 “Anatomy of Flowering Plants”, page 127
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Root apex and its functions:
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NCERT: Class 11, Ch. 6 “Anatomy of Flowering Plants”, page 128
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Meristematic tissue
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Root cap’s protective function
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Root hairs and their significance:
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NCERT: Class 11, Ch. 6 “Anatomy of Flowering Plants”, page 131
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Absorption of water and nutrients
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Increase the surface area for efficient absorption
Modification of Roots:
- Tap roots and their modifications:
- Storage roots (e.g., carrot)
- Prop roots (e.g., banyan tree)
- Pneumatophores (e.g., Rhizophora)
- Adventitious roots and their modifications:
- Clinging roots (e.g., money plant)
- Stilt roots (e.g., maize)
- Epiphytic roots (e.g., orchids)
2. The Shoot System
Stem Structure:
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Types of stems:
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NCERT: Class 11, Ch. 6 “Anatomy of Flowering Plants”, page 135
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Herbaceous vs. woody stems
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Types of climbers
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Stem apex and its functions:
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NCERT: Class 11, Ch. 6 “Anatomy of Flowering Plants”, page 137
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Meristematic tissue
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Bud development
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Nodes, internodes, and buds:
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NCERT: Class 11, Ch. 6 “Anatomy of Flowering Plants”
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Bud position (axillary and terminal buds)
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Growth patterns
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Growth rings and their significance:
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NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Structural Organisation in Animals”, pages 30-31
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Reveal seasonal changes and age determination
Modification of Stems:
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Runners, rhizomes, and tubers:
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NCERT: Class 11, Ch. 6 “Anatomy of Flowering Plants”, page 139
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Vegetative propagation
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Thorns and tendrils:
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Protection and climbing, respectively
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Bulb, corm, and pseudo-bulb:
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NCERT: Class 11, Ch. 6 “Anatomy of Flowering Plants”, page 139
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Storage and vegetative reproduction
3. The Leaf
Leaf Structure:
- External morphology of a leaf:
- NCERT: Class 11, Ch. 6 “Anatomy of Flowering Plants”, pages 141-143
- Leaf shape, venation, and margin types
- Internal structure of a leaf (mesophyll, veins, and epidermis):
- NCERT: Class 11, Ch. 6 “Anatomy of Flowering Plants”, pages 143-145
- Photosynthesis, transport, and protection
- Types of leaf venation:
- NCERT: Class 11, Ch. 6 “Anatomy of Flowering Plants”, pages 141-142
- Reticulate vs. parallel venation
- Stomata and their significance in photosynthesis:
- NCERT: Class 11, Ch. 6 “Anatomy of Flowering Plants”, pages 145-146
- Gas exchange and transpiration control
Modifications of Leaves:
- Needle-like leaves:
- Reduced transpiration in dry conditions
- Scales:
- Protection and water conservation
- Tendrils and spines:
- Climbing and protection, respectively
4. Inflorescence
Types of Inflorescences:
- Racemose inflorescences:
- NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, page 45
- Simple raceme, compound raceme, corymb, umbel
- Cymose inflorescences:
- NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, page 45
- Dichasial cyme, monochasial cyme
Adaptations for Pollination:
- Pollination mechanisms (entomophily, anemophily, hydrophily):
- NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, pages 46-48
- Pollinating agents and floral adaptations
- Floral structures facilitating pollination (e.g., petals, sepals, nectar glands):
- NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, pages 48-50
- Attraction and reward for pollinators
5. The Flower
Parts of a Flower
- Calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium:
- NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, pages 48-50
- Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistil
- Floral diagrams and floral formulas:
- NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, pages 51-52
- Represent floral symmetry and structure
- Types of flowers based on symmetry (actinomorphic and zygomorphic):
- NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, page 50
- Radial vs. bilateral symmetry
- Complete and incomplete flowers:
- NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, page 51
- Presence or absence of all floral parts
- Bisexual and unisexual flowers:
- NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, page 51
- Presence of both male and female reproductive parts
Stamen:
- Structure of a stamen (filament and anther):
- NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, page 52
- Microsporangium and pollen production
- Types of anthers:
- NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, page 54
- Based on anther structure and arrangement
- Microsporogenesis and the development of the male gametophyte:
- NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, pages 54-55
- Stages of pollen formation and development
Pistil:
- Structure of a pistil (ovary, style, and stigma):
- NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, page 56
- Ovule production and pollination site
- Types of ovaries:
- NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, page 57
- Based on ovary structure and position
- Megasporogenesis and the development of the female gametophyte (embryo sac):
- NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, pages 58-59
- Stages of embryo sac formation and development
Fertilization and Post-Fertilization Events
- Process of fertilization:
- NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, page 61
- Fusion of male and female gametes
- Formation and development of endosperm:
- NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, page 62
- Nutrient storage for embryo development
- Development of embryo (embryogenesis):
- NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, pages 62-63
- Early stages of plant growth
- Types of embryo sacs:
- NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, page 59
- Monosporic, bisporic, and tetrasporic types
Seed Structure and Germination
- Parts of a seed (embryo, cotyledons, and seed coat):
- NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, page 65
- Stored food and protection for the embryo
- Types of seeds:
- NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, page 66
- Classification based on seed-coat structure
- Process of seed germination and seedling growth:
- NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, page 67
- Conditions and stages of seed germination
Fruit Structure and Types:
- Structure and classification of fruits (simple, aggregate, multiple):
- NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, pages 69-70
- Based on ovary development and structure
- Types of fleshy fruits (e.g., drupe, berry):
- NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, page 70
- Classification based on fruit characteristics
- Types of dry fruits (e.g., capsule, nut):
- NCERT: Class 12, Ch. 2 “Reproduction in Flowering Plants”, page 70
- Classification based on fruit characteristics