Answer

(i) Mass of one electron $=9.10939 \times 10^{- 31} kg$

$\therefore$ Number of electrons that weigh $9.10939 \times 10^{-31} kg=1$

Number of electrons that will weigh $1 g=(1 \times 10^{- 3} kg)$

$=\frac{1}{9.10939 \times 10^{-31} kg} \times(1 \times 10^{-3} kg)$

$=0.1098 \times 10^{-3+31}$

$=0.1098 \times 10^{28}$

$=1.098 \times 10^{27}$

(ii) Mass of one electron $=9.10939 \times 10^{-31} kg$

Mass of one mole of electron $=(6.022 \times 10^{23}) \times(9.10939 \times 10^{- 3} kg)$

$=5.48 \times 10^{-7} kg$

Charge on one electron $=1.6022 \times 10^{- 19}$ coulomb

Charge on one mole of electron $=(1.6022 \times 10^{-19} C)(6.022 \times 10^{23})$

$=9.65 \times 10^{4} C$

Answer

(i) Total number of electrons present in 1 methane molecule $=6+4=10$.

Total number of electrons resent in 1 mole of methane

$$ =10 \times 6.023 \times 10^{23}=6.023 \times 10^{24} \text { electrons. } $$

The number of neutrons is equal to the difference in the mass number and atomic number.

It is equal to $\ \backslash \mathrm{d}$ is playstyle $14-6=8$.

(ii)(a) The number of neutrons present in $7 \mathrm{mg}$ of $\mathrm{C}-14$ is

$$ \frac{6.023 \times 10^{23} \times 8}{14} \times 7 \times 10^{10-3}=2.4088 \times 10^{21} \text { neutrons. } $$

(b) Total mass of neutrons in $7 \mathrm{mg}$ of $\mathrm{C}-14$ is

$$ 2.4088 \times 10^{21} \times 1.675 \times 10^{-27} 4.035 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{~kg} \text {. } $$

(iii)(a)Number of protons present in 1 molecule of ammonia $=7+3=10$.

Number of molecules present in $34 \mathrm{mg}$ of ammonia is

$$ \frac{6.023 \times 10^{23} \times 34 \times 10^{-3}}{17}=1.2044 \times 10^{21} \text {. } $$

Total number of protons present in $34 \mathrm{mg}$ of ammonia

$$ =10 \times 1.2044 \times 10^{21}=1.2044 \times 10^{22} $$

(b) Total mass of protons present in $34 \mathrm{mg}$ of ammonia at STP is

$$ 1.6726 \times 10^{-27} \times 1.204 \times 10^{22}=2.0138 \times 10^{-5} \mathrm{~kg} \text {. } $$

When temperature and pressure are changed, there is no difference in the answer.

Answer

${ }_6^{13} \mathrm{C}:$

Atomic mass $=13$

Atomic number $=$ Number of protons $=6$

Number of neutrons $=$ (Atomic mass) $-($ Atomic number $)$ $=13-6=7$

${ }_{\mathrm{O}}^{16} \mathrm{O}:$

Atomic mass $=16$

Atomic number $=8$

Number of protons $=8$

Number of neutrons $=($ Atomic mass $)-($ Atomic number $)$ $=16-8=8$

${ }_{12}^{24} \mathrm{Mg}$ :

Atomic mass $=24$

Atomic number $=$ Number of protons $=12$

Number of neutrons $=($ Atomic mass $)-($ Atomic number $)$

$$ =24-12=12 $$

${ }_{26}^{56} \mathrm{Fe}:$

Atomic mass $=56$

Atomic number $=$ Number of protons $=26$

Number of neutrons $=$ (Atomic mass) - (Atomic number)

$$ =56-26=30 $$

$\frac{18}{38} \mathrm{Sr}:$

Atomic mass $=88$

Atomic number $=$ Number of protons $=38$

Number of neutrons $=($ Atomic mass $)-($ Atomic number $)$

$$ =88-38=50 $$

Answer

(i) $ _{17}^{35} C$ (ii) $ _{92}^{233} U$ (iii) $ _{4}^{9} B$

Answer

From the expression,

$\lambda=\frac{c}{v}$

We get,

$v=\frac{c}{\lambda}$

Where,

$v$ = frequency of yellow light

$c=$ velocity of light in vacuum $=3 \times 10^{8} m / s$

$ \lambda$ = wavelength of yellow light $=580 nm=580 \times 10^{-9} m$

Substituting the values in expression (i):

$v=\frac{3 \times 10^{8}}{580 \times 10^{-9}}=5.17 \times 10^{14} s^{-1}$

Thus, frequency of yellow light emitted from the sodium lamp

$=5.17 \times 10^{14} s^{af-1}$

Wave number of yellow light,

$ \bar{{}v}=\frac{1}{\lambda} $

$ =\frac{1}{580 \times 10^{-9}}=1.72 \times 10^{6} m^{-1} $

Answer

(i) Energy (E) of a photon is given by the expression,

$ \mathrm{E}=\mathrm{hv} $

Where, $\mathrm{h}=$ Planck’s constant $=6.626 \times 10^{-34} \mathrm{Js}$

$v=$ frequency of light $=3 \times 10^{15} \mathrm{~Hz}$

Substituting the values in the given expression of $\mathrm{E}$ :

$ \mathrm{E}=\left(6.626 \times 10^{-34}\right)\left(3 \times 10^{15}\right) \mathrm{E}=1.988 \times 10^{-18} \mathrm{~J} $

(ii) Energy (E) of a photon having wavelength $(\lambda)$ is given by the expr

$ \begin{aligned} & E=\frac{h c}{\lambda} \\ & h=\text { Planck’s constant }=6.626 \times 10^{-34} \mathrm{Js} \\ & c=\text { velocity of light in vacuum }=3 \times 10^8 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s} \end{aligned} $

Substituting the values in the given expression of $\mathrm{E}$ :

$ \begin{aligned} & E=\frac{\left(6.626 \times 10^{-34}\right)\left(3 \times 10^8\right)}{0.50 \times 10^{-10}} 3.976 \times 10^{-15} \mathrm{~J} \\ & \therefore E=3.98 \times 10^{-15} \mathrm{~J} \end{aligned} $

Answer

(i) The frequency of the light wave is $ \frac{1}{\text { period }}=\frac{1}{2.0 \times 10^{-10} \mathrm{~s}}=5 \times 10^9 / \mathrm{s} \text {. } $

(ii) The wavelength of light wave is $ \frac{\mathrm{c}}{\mathrm{v}}=\frac{3 \times 10^8 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}}{5 \times 10^9 / \mathrm{s}}=6.0 \times 10^{-2} \mathrm{~m} \text {. } $

(iii) The wave number of light wave is $ \bar{v}=\frac{1}{\lambda}=\frac{1}{6.0 \times 10^{-2}}=16.66 / \mathrm{m} $

Answer

Energy $(E)$ of a photon $=h - 112 $

Energy $(E_n)$ of ’ $n$ ’ photons $=n hv $

$\Rightarrow n=\frac{E_n \lambda}{\text{ hc }}$

Where,

$ \lambda = \text{ wavelength of light } - 4000pm = 4000 \times 10^{-12}m $

$c=$ velocity of light in vacuum $=3 \times 10^{8} m / s$

Substituting the values in the given expression of $n$ :

$n=\frac{(1) \times(4000 \times 10^{-12})}{(6.626 \times 10^{-34})(3 \times 10^{8})}=2.012 \times 10^{16}$

Hence, the number of photons with a wavelength of $4000 pm$ and energy of $1 J$ are $2.012 \times 10^{16}$.

Answer

(i) Energy (E) of a photon $= hv =\frac{h c}{\lambda}$

Where,

$h=$ Planck’s constant $=6.626 \times 10^{-34} Js$

$c=$ velocity of light in vacuum $=3 \times 10^{8} m / s$

$\lambda=$ wavelength of photon $=4 \times 10^{- 7} m$

Substituting the values in the given expression of $E$ :

$E=\frac{(6.626 \times 10^{-34})(3 \times 10^{8})}{4 \times 10^{-7}}=4.9695 \times 10^{-19} J$

Hence, the energy of the photon is $4.97 \times 10^{-19}J$.

(ii) The kinetic energy of emission $E_k$ is given by

$ \begin{aligned} & =h v-h v_0 \\ & =(E-W) eV \\ & =(\frac{4.9695 \times 10^{-19}}{1.6020 \times 10^{-19}}) eV-2.13 eV \\ & =(3.1020 - 2.13) eV \\ & =0.9720 eV \end{aligned} $

Hence, the kinetic energy of emission is $0.97 eV$.

(iii) The velocity of a photoelectron ( $\frac{1}{2}$ ) can be calculated by the expression,

$\frac{1}{2} m v^{2}=h v-h v_0$

$\Rightarrow v=\sqrt{\frac{2(h v-h v_0)}{m}}$

Where, $(h v-h v_0)$ is the kinetic energy of emission in Joules and ’ $m$ ’ is the mass of the photoelectron. Substituting the values in the given expression of $v$ :

$ \begin{aligned} & v=\sqrt{\frac{2 \times(0.9720 \times 1.6020 \times 10^{-19}) J}{9.10939 \times 10^{-31} kg}} \\ & =\sqrt{0.3418 \times 10^{12} m^{2} s^{-2}} \\ & v=5.84 \times 10^{5} ms^{-1} \end{aligned} $

Hence, the velocity of the photoelectron is $5.84 \times 10^{5} ms^{- 1}$.

Answer

Energy of sodium (E) $=\frac{N_A hc}{\lambda}$

$=\frac{(6.023 \times 10^{23} mol^{-1})(6.626 \times 10^{-34} Js)(3 \times 10^{8} ms^{-1})}{242 \times 10^{-9} m}$

$=4.947 \times 10^{5} J mol^{-1}$

$=494.7 \times 10^{3} J mol^{-1}$

$=494 kJ mol ^{-1}$

Answer

Power of bulb, $P=25 Watt=25 Js^{sec-1}$

Energy of one photon, $ E= hv = \frac{hc}{\lambda} $

Substituting the values in the given expression of $E$ :

$E=\frac{(6.626 \times 10^{-34})(3 \times 10^{8})}{(0.57 \times 10^{-6})}=34.87 \times 10^{-20} J$

$E=34.87 \times 10^{3 eF 20} J$

Rate of emission of quanta per second

$ =\frac{25}{34.87 \times 10^{-20}}=7.169 \times 10^{19} s^{-1} $

Answer

Threshold wavelength of radian $(\lambda_0)=6800 \mathring{A}=6800 \times 10^{-10} m$

Threshold frequency $(v_0)$ of the metal

$=\frac{c}{\lambda_0}=\frac{3 \times 10^{8} ms^{-1}}{6.8 \times 10^{-7} m}=4.41 \times 10^{14} s^{- 1}$

Thus, the threshold frequency $(v_0)$ of the metal is $4.41 \times 10^{14} s^{-1}$.

Hence, work function $(W_0)$ of the metal $=h v_0$

$=(6.626 \times 10^{-34} Js)(4.41 \times 10^{14} s^{-1})$

$=2.922 \times 10^{-19} J$

Answer

The $n_i=4$ to $n_i=2$ transition will give rise to a spectral line of the Balmer series. The energy involved in the transition is given by the relation,

$E=2.18 \times 10^{-18}[\frac{1}{n_i^{2}}-\frac{1}{n_f^{2}}]$

Substituting the values in the given expression of $E$ :

$ \begin{aligned} E & =2.18 \times 10^{-18}[\frac{1}{4^{2}}-\frac{1}{2^{2}}] \\ & =2.18 \times 10^{-18}[\frac{1-4}{16}] \\ & =2.18 \times 10^{-18} \times(-\frac{3}{16}) \end{aligned} $

$E=-(4.0875 \times 10^{- 19} J)$

The negative sign indicates the energy of emission.

Wavelength of light emitted

$ (\lambda)=\frac{hc}{E} $

$ (\text{ since } E=\frac{hc}{\lambda}) $

$ \text{Substituting the values in the given expression of } of \lambda$

$ \begin{aligned} \lambda & =\frac{(6.626 \times 10^{-34})(3 \times 10^{8})}{4.0875 \times 10^{-19}} \\ \lambda & =4.8631 \times 10^{-7} m \\ & =486.3 \times 10^{-9} m \\ & =486 nm \end{aligned} $

Answer

The expression of energy is given by,

$ E_n=\frac{-(2.18 \times 10^{-18}) Z^{2}}{n^{2}} $

Where,

$Z=$ atomic number of the atom

$n=$ principal quantum number

For ionization from $n_1=5$ to $n_2=\infty$,

$ \begin{aligned} \Delta E & =E _{\infty}-E_5 \\ & =[{\frac{-(2.18 \times 10^{-18} J)(1)^{2}}{(\infty)^{2}}}-{\frac{-(2.18 \times 10^{-18} J)(1)^{2}}{(5)^{2}}}] \\ & =(2.18 \times 10^{-18} J)(\frac{1}{(5)^{2}}) \quad(\text{ Since } \frac{1}{\infty}=0) \\ & =0.0872 \times 10^{-18} J \\ \Delta E & =8.72 \times 10^{-20} J \end{aligned} $

Hence, the energy required for ionization from $n=5$ to $n=\infty$ is $8.72 \times 10^{-20} J$.

Energy required for $n_1=1$ to $n=\infty$,

$ \begin{aligned} & \Delta E^{\prime}=E _{\infty}-E_1 \\ & =[{\frac{-(2.18 \times 10^{-18})(1)^{2}}{(\infty)^{2}}}-{\frac{-(2.18 \times 10^{-18})(1)^{2}}{(1)^{2}}}] \\ & =(2.18 \times 10^{-18})[1-0] \\ & =2.18 \times 10^{-18} J \end{aligned} $

Hence, less energy is required to ionize an electron in the $5^{\text{th }}$ orbital of hydrogen atom as compared to that in the ground state.

Answer

When the excited electron of an $H$ atom in $n=6$ drops to the ground state, the following transitions are possible:

Hence, a total number of $(5+4+3+2+1) 15$ lines will be obtained in the emission spectrum.

The number of spectral lines produced when an electron in the $n^{\text{th }}$ level drops down to the ground state is given by $\frac{n(n-1)}{2}$

Given,

$n=6$

Number of spectral lines $=\frac{6(6-1)}{2}=15$

Answer

(i) Energy associated with the fifth orbit of hydrogen atom is calculated as:

$E_5=\frac{-(2.18 \times 10^{-18})}{(5)^{2}}=\frac{-2.18 \times 10^{-18}}{25}$

$E_5=- 8.72 \times 10^{- 20} J$

(ii) Radius of Bohr’s $n^{\text{th }}$ orbit for hydrogen atom is given by,

$r_n=(0.0529 nm) n^{2}$

For,

$n=5$

$r_5=(0.0529 nm)(5)^{2}$

$r_5=1.3225 nm$

Answer

For the Balmer series, $n_i=2$. Thus, the expression of wavenumber $(\bar{{}v})$ is given by,

$\bar{{}v}=[\frac{1}{(2)^{2}}-\frac{1}{n_f^{2}}](1.097 \times 10^{7} m^{-1})$

Wave number $(\bar{{}v})$ is inversely proportional to wavelength of transition. Hence, for the longest wavelength transition, $\bar{{}v}$ has to be the smallest.

For $\bar{{}v}$ to be minimum, $n_f$ should be minimum. For the Balmer series, a transition from $n_i=2$ to $n_f=3$ is allowed. Hence, taking $n_f=3$, we get:

$ \begin{aligned} \bar{{}v} & =(1.097 \times 10^{7})[\frac{1}{2^{2}}-\frac{1}{3^{2}}] \\ \bar{{}v} & =(1.097 \times 10^{7})[\frac{1}{4}-\frac{1}{9}] \\ & =(1.097 \times 10^{7})(\frac{9-4}{36}) \\ & =(1.097 \times 10^{7})(\frac{5}{36}) \\ \bar{{}v} & =1.5236 \times 10^{6} m^{\hat{\epsilon}{ }^{*-1}} \end{aligned} $

Answer

Energy $(E)$ of the $n^{\text{th }}$ Bohr orbit of an atom is given by,

$E_n=\frac{-(2.18 \times 10^{-18}) Z^{2}}{n^{2}}$

Where,

$Z=$ atomic number of the atom

Ground state energy $=- 2.18 \times 10^{-11}$ ergs

$=- 2.18 \times 10^{{-11}} \times 10^{{7} 7 J}$

$=- 2.18 \times 10^{{-18} J}$

Energy required to shift the electron from $n=1$ to $n=5$ is given as:

$\Delta E=E_5 - E_1$

$=\frac{-(2.18 \times 10^{-18})(1)^{2}}{(5)^{2}}-(-2.18 \times 10^{-18})$

$ \begin{aligned} & =(2.18 \times 10^{-18})[1-\frac{1}{25}] \\ & =(2.18 \times 10^{-18})(\frac{24}{25})=2.0928 \times 10^{-18} J \end{aligned} $

Wavelength of emitted light $=\frac{\text{ hc }}{E}$

$ \begin{aligned} & =\frac{(6.626 \times 10^{-34})(3 \times 10^{8})}{(2.0928 \times 10^{-18})} \\ & =9.498 \times 10^{-8} m \end{aligned} $

Answer

Given,

$E_n=-\frac{2.18 \times 10^{-18}}{n^{2}} J$

Energy required for ionization from $n=2$ is given by,

$ \begin{aligned} & \Delta E=E _{\infty}-E_2 \\ &=[(\frac{-2.18 \times 10^{-18}}{(\infty)^{2}})-(\frac{-2.18 \times 10^{-18}}{(2)^{2}})] J \\ &=[\frac{2.18 \times 10^{-18}}{4}-0] J \\ &=0.545 \times 10^{{-18} J} \\ & \Delta E=5.45 \times 10^{-19} J \\ & \lambda=\frac{hc}{\Delta E} \end{aligned} $

Here, $\lambda$ is the longest wavelength causing the transition

$ \lambda=\frac{(6.626 \times 10^{-34})(3 \times 10^{8})}{5.45 \times 10^{-19}}=3.647 \times 10^{-7} m $

$=3647 \times 10^{- 10} m$

Answer

According to de Broglie’s equation,

$\lambda=\frac{h}{m v}$

Where,

$\lambda$ = wavelength of moving particle

$m=$ mass of particle

$v=$ velocity of particle

$h=$ Planck’s constant

Substituting the values in the expression of $\lambda$

$\lambda=\frac{6.626 \times 10^{-34} Js}{(9.10939 \times 10^{-31} kg)(2.05 \times 10^{7} ms^{-1})}$

$\lambda=3.548 \times 10^{-11} m$

Hence, the wavelength of the electron moving with a velocity of $2.05 \times 10^{7} ms^{-1}$ is $3.548 \times 10^{-11} m$.

Answer

From de Broglie’s equation,

$\lambda=\frac{h}{m v}$

Given,

Kinetic energy (K.E) of the electron $=3.0 \times 10^{-25} J$

Since K.E $=\frac{1}{2} m v^{2}$

$\therefore$ Velocity $(v)=\sqrt{\frac{2 K . E}{m}}$

$ \begin{aligned} & =\sqrt{\frac{2(3.0 \times 10^{-25} J)}{9.10939 \times 10^{-31} kg}} \\ & =\sqrt{6.5866 \times 10^{4}} \\ & v=811.579 ms^{-1} \end{aligned} $

Substituting the value in the expression of $\lambda :$

$ \begin{aligned} & \lambda=\frac{6.626 \times 10^{-34} Js}{(9.10939 \times 10^{-31} kg)(811.579 ms^{-1})} \\ & \lambda=8.9625 \times 10^{-7} m \end{aligned} $

Hence, wavelength of the electron is $ 8.9625 \times 10^{-7} $

Answer

Isoelectronic species have the same number of electrons.

Number of electrons in sodium $(Na)=11$

Number of electrons in $(Na^{+})=10$

A positive charge denotes the loss of an electron.

Similarly,

Number of electrons in $K^{+}=18$

Number of electrons in $Mg^{2+}=10$

Number of electrons in $Ca^{2+}=18$

A negative charge denotes the gain of an electron by a species.

Number of electrons in sulphur $(S)=16$

$\therefore$ Number of electrons in $S^{2-}=18$

Number of electrons in argon (Ar) $=18$

Hence, the following are isoelectronic species:

(1) $Na^{+}$and $Mg^{2+}$ (10 electrons each) (2) $K^{+}, Ca^{2+}, S^{2-}$ and $Ar$ (18 electrons each)

Answer

(i) (a) Hion

The electronic configuration of $H$ atom is $1 s^{1}$.

A negative charge on the species indicates the gain of an electron by it.

$\therefore$ Electronic configuration of $H^{-}=1 s^{2}$

(b) $Na^{+}$ion

The electronic configuration of $Na$ atom is $1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{1}$.

A positive charge on the species indicates the loss of an electron by it.

$\therefore$ Electronic configuration of $Na^{+}=1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{0}$ or $1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6}$

(c) $O^{2}$ ion

The electronic configuration of 0 atom is $1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{4}$.

A dinegative charge on the species indicates that two electrons are gained by it.

$\therefore$ Electronic configuration of $O^{2}$ ion $=1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} p^{6}$

(d) Fion

The electronic configuration of $F$ atom is $1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{5}$.

A negative charge on the species indicates the gain of an electron by it.

$\therefore$ Electron configuration of $F^{-}$ion $=1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6}$

(ii) (a) $3 s^{1}$

Completing the electron configuration of the element as

$1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{1}$.

$\therefore$ Number of electrons present in the atom of the element

$=2+2+6+1=11$

$\therefore$ Atomic number of the element $=11$

(b) $2 p^{3}$

Completing the electron configuration of the element as $1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{3}$.

$\therefore$ Number of electrons present in the atom of the element $=2+2+3=7$

$\therefore$ Atomic number of the element $=7$

(c) $3 p^{5}$

Completing the electron configuration of the element as

$1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{5}$.

$\therefore$ Number of electrons present in the atom of the element $=2+2+5=9$

$\therefore$ Atomic number of the element $=9$

(iii) (a) $[He] 2 s^{1}$

The electronic configuration of the element is $[He] 2 s^{1}=1 s^{2} 2 s^{1}$.

$\therefore$ Atomic number of the element $=3$

Hence, the element with the electronic configuration $[He] 2 s^{1}$ is lithium ( $Li$ ).

(b) $[Ne] 3 s^{2} 3 p^{3}$

The electronic configuration of the element is $[Ne] 3 s^{2} 3 p^{3}=1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{2} 3 p^{3}$.

$\therefore$ Atomic number of the element $=15$

Hence, the element with the electronic configuration $[Ne] 3 s^{2} 3 p^{3}$ is phosphorus $(P)$.

(c) $[Ar] 4 s^{2} 3 d^{2}$

The electronic configuration of the element is $[Ar] 4 s^{2} 3 d^{1}=1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{2} 3 p^{6} 4 s^{2} 3 d^{1}$.

$\therefore$ Atomic number of the element $=21$

Hence, the element with the electronic configuration $[Ar] 4 s^{2} 3 d^{1}$ is scandium (Sc).

Answer

For g-orbitals, $I=4$.

As for any value ’ $n$ ’ of principal quantum number, the Azimuthal quantum number $(I)$ can have a value from zero to $(n-1)$.

$\therefore$ For $I=4$, minimum value of $n=5$

Answer

For the $3 d$ orbital:

Principal quantum number $(n)=3$

Azimuthal quantum number $(I)=2$

Magnetic quantum number $(m_l)=-2,-1,0,1,2$

Answer

(i) For an atom to be neutral, the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons.

$\therefore$ Number of protons in the atom of the given element $=29$

(ii) The electronic configuration of the atom is

$1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{2} 3 p^{6} 4 s^{2} 3 d^{10}$.

Answer

$H_2^{+}$:

Number of electrons present in hydrogen molecule $(H_2)=1+1=2$

$\therefore$ Number of electrons in $H_2^{+}=2-1=1$

$H_2$ :

Number of electrons in $H_2=1+1=2$

$O_2^{+}$:

Number of electrons present in oxygen molecule $(O_2)=8+8=16$

$\therefore$ Number of electrons in $O_2^{+}=16$ âe" $1=15$

Answer

(i) $n=3$ (Given)

For a given value of $n, I$ can have values from 0 to $(n-1)$.

$\therefore$ For $n=3$

$I=0,1,2$

For a given value of $I, m$, can have $(2 l+1)$ values.

For $I=0, m=0$

$I=1, m=-1,0,1$

$I=2, m=-2,-1,0,1,2$

$\therefore$ For $n=3$

$I=0,1,2$

$m_0=0$

$m_1=-1,0,1$

$m_2=-2,-1,0,1,2$

(ii) For $3 d$ orbital, $l=2$.

For a given value of $l$, $m$ can have $(2 l+1)$ values i.e., 5 values.

$\therefore$ For $l=2$

$m_2=-2,-1,0,1,2$

(iii) Among the given orbitals only $2 s$ and $2 p$ are possible. $1 p$ and $3 f$ cannot exist.

For $p$-orbital, $l=1$.

For a given value of $n, I$ can have values from zero to $(n-1)$.

$\therefore$ For $l$ is equal to 1 , the minimum value of $n$ is 2 .

Similarly,

For $f$-orbital, $I=4$.

For $I=4$, the minimum value of $n$ is 5 .

Hence, $1 p$ and $3 f$ do not exist.

Answer

(a) $n=1, I=0$ (Given)

The orbital is $1 s$.

(b) For $n=3$ and $I=1$

The orbital is $3 p$.

(c) For $n=4$ and $I=2$

The orbital is $4 d$.

(d) For $n=4$ and $I=3$

The orbital is $4 f$.

Answer

(a) The given set of quantum numbers is not possible because the value of the principal quantum number $(n)$ cannot be zero.

(b) The given set of quantum numbers is possible.

(c) The given set of quantum numbers is not possible.

For a given value of $n$, ’l’ can have values from zero to $(n-1)$.

For $n=1, I=0$ and not 1 .

(d) The given set of quantum numbers is possible.

(e) The given set of quantum numbers is not possible.

For $n=3$,

$I=0$ to $(3-1)$ $I=0$ to 2 i.e., $0,1,2$

(f) The given set of quantum numbers is possible.

Answer

(a) Total number of electrons in an atom for a value of $n=2 n^{2}$

$\therefore$ For $n=4$,

Total number of electrons $=2(4)^{2}$

$=32$

The given element has a fully filled orbital as

$1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{2} 3 p^{6} 4 s^{2} 3 d^{10}$.

Hence, all the electrons are paired.

$\therefore$ Number of electrons (having $n=4$ and $m_s=-\frac{1}{2}$ ) $=16$

(b) $n=3, I=0$ indicates that the electrons are present in the $3 s$ orbital. Therefore, the number of electrons having $n=$ 3 and $I=0$ is 2 .

Answer

Since a hydrogen atom has only one electron, according to Bohr’s postulate, the angular momentum of that electron is given by:

$m v r=n \frac{h}{2 \pi}$

Where,

$n=1,2,3, \ldots$

According to de Broglie’s equation: $\lambda=\frac{h}{m v}$

or $m v=\frac{h}{\lambda} \ldots \ldots \ldots$

Substituting the value of ’ $m v$ ’ from expression (2) in expression (1):

$\frac{h r}{\lambda}=n \frac{h}{2 \pi}$

or $2 \pi r=n \lambda$

Since ‘2 $2 \pi r$ ’ represents the circumference of the Bohr orbit $(r)$, it is proved by equation (3) that the circumference of the Bohr orbit of the hydrogen atom is an integral multiple of de Broglie’s wavelength associated with the electron revolving around the orbit.

Answer

For $He^{+}$ion, the wave number $(\bar{{}v})$ associated with the Balmer transition, $n=4$ to $n=2$ is given by:

$\bar{{}v}=\frac{1}{\lambda}=R Z^{2}(\frac{1}{n_1^{2}}-\frac{1}{n_2^{2}})$

Where,

$n_1=2$

$n_2=4$

$Z=$ atomic number of helium

$\bar{{}v}=\frac{1}{\lambda}=R(2)^{2}(\frac{1}{4}-\frac{1}{16})$

$=4 R(\frac{4-1}{16})$

$\bar{{}v}=\frac{1}{\lambda}=\frac{3 R}{4}$

$\Rightarrow \lambda=\frac{4}{3 R}$

According to the question, the desired transition for hydrogen will have the same wavelength as that of $He^{+}$.

$\Rightarrow R(1)^{2}[\frac{1}{n_1^{2}}-\frac{1}{n_2^{2}}]=\frac{3 R}{4}$

$ [\frac{1}{n_1^2} - \frac{1}{n_2^2}] = \frac{3}{4} $

By hit and trail method, the equality given by equation (1) is true only when

$n_1=1$ and $n_2=2$.

$\therefore$ The transition for $n_2=2$ to $n=1$ in hydrogen spectrum would have the same wavelength as Balmer transition $n=4$ to $n=2$ of $He^{+}$spectrum.

Answer

Energy associated with hydrogen-like species is given by,

$E_n=-2.18 \times 10^{-18}(\frac{Z^{2}}{n^{2}}) J$

For ground state of hydrogen atom,

$ \begin{aligned} \Delta E & =E _{\infty}-E_1 \\ & =0-[-2.18 \times 10^{-18}{\frac{(1)^{2}}{(1)^{2}}}] J \end{aligned} $

$\Delta E=2.18 \times 10^{-18} J$

For the given process,

$He _{(g)}^{+} \to He _{(g)}^{2+}+e^{-}$

An electron is removed from $n=1$ to $n=\infty$.

$\Delta E=E _{\infty}-E_1$

$=0-[-2.18 \times 10^{-18}{\frac{(2)^{2}}{(1)^{2}}}]$

$\Delta E=8.72 \times 10^{-18} J$

$\therefore$ The energy required for the process is $8.72 \times 10^{-18} J$.

Answer

$1 m=100 cm$

$1 cm=10^{\hat{a} \epsilon " 2} m$

Length of the scale $=20 cm$

$=20 \times 10^{-2} m$

Diameter of a carbon atom $=0.15 nm$

$=0.15 \times 10^{{-9}} m$

One carbon atom occupies $0.15 \times 10^{- 9} m $.

$\therefore$ Number of carbon atoms that can be placed in a straight line

$=\frac{20 \times 10^{-2} m}{0.15 \times 10^{-9} m}$

$=133.33 \times 10^{7}$

$=1.33 \times 10^{9}$

Answer

Length of the given arrangement $=2.4 cm$

Number of carbon atoms present $=2 \times 10^{8}$

$\therefore$ Diameter of carbon atom $=\frac{2.4 \times 10^{-2} m}{2 \times 10^{8}}$

$=1.2 \times 10^{-10} m$

$\therefore$ Radius of carbon atom $=\frac{\text{ Diameter }}{2}$

$ \begin{aligned} & =\frac{1.2 \times 10^{-10} m}{2} \\ & =6.0 \times 10^{-11} m \end{aligned} $

Answer

(a) Radius of zinc atom

$ =\frac{\text{ Diameter }}{2} $

$ \begin{aligned} & =\frac{2.6 \mathring{A}}{2} \\ & =1.3 \times 10^{-10} m \\ & =130 \times 10^{-12} m=130 pm \end{aligned} $

(b) Length of the arrangement $=1.6 cm$

$=1.6 \times 10^{-{2}} m$

Diameter of zinc atom $=2.6 \times 10^{- 10} m$

$\therefore$ Number of zinc atoms present in the arrangement

$=\frac{1.6 \times 10^{-2} m}{2.6 \times 10^{-10} m}$

$=0.6153 \times 10^{8} m$

$=6.153 \times 10^{7}$

Answer

Charge on one electron = $1.6022 \times 10^{-19} C$

$\Rightarrow 1.6022 \times 10^{-{19} C} C$ charge is carried by 1 electron.

$\therefore$ Number of electrons carrying a charge of $2.5 \times 10^{-16} C$

$=\frac{1}{1.6022 \times 10^{-19} C}(2.5 \times 10^{-16} C)$

$=1.560 \times 10^{3} C$

$=1560 C$

Answer

Charge on the oil drop $=1.282 \times 10^{-{18}} C$

Charge on one electron $=1.6022 \times 10^{{-19}} C$

$\therefore$ Number of electrons present on the oil drop

$ \begin{aligned} & =\frac{1.282 \times 10^{-18} C}{1.6022 \times 10^{-19} C} \\ & =0.8001 \times 10^{1} \\ & =8.0 \end{aligned} $

Answer

A thin foil of lighter atoms will not give the same results as given with the foil of heavier atoms.

Lighter atoms would be able to carry very little positive charge. Hence, they will not cause enough deflection of $\alpha$ particles (positively charged).

Answer

The general convention of representing an element along with its atomic mass $(A)$ and atomic number $(Z)$ is $ _Z^{A} X$.

Hence, ${ }^{79} Br$ is acceptable but ${ }^{35} Br$ is not acceptable.

${ }^{79} Br$ can be written but ${ }^{35} Br$ cannot be written because the atomic number of an element is constant, but the atomic mass of an element depends upon the relative abundance of its isotopes. Hence, it is necessary to mention the atomic mass of an element

Answer

Let the number of protons in the element be $x$.

$\therefore$ Number of neutrons in the element

$=x+31.7 %$ of $x$

$=x+0.317 x$

$=1.317 x$

According to the question,

Mass number of the element $=81$

$\therefore$ (Number of protons + number of neutrons) $=81$

$\Rightarrow x+1.317 x=81$

$2.317 x=81$

$x=\frac{81}{2.317}$

$=34.95$

$\therefore x=35$

Hence, the number of protons in the element i.e., $x$ is 35 .

Since the atomic number of an atom is defined as the number of protons present in its nucleus, the atomic number of the given element is 35 .

$\therefore$ The atomic symbol of the element is ${ }^{81} Br$.

Answer

Let x be the number of electrons.

The number of neutrons is $ x+ 0.111 x= 1.111 x $

The number of protons is $x−1$.

The mass number is 37.

It is equal to the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons.

$ x−1+1.111x= 37$

$2.111x=38$

$x=18$

The number of electrons is 18.

The number of protons is 17.

Hence, the symbol of the ion is $ _{37}^{17} {Cl}^−$

Answer

Let the number of electrons present in ion $A^{3+}$ be $x$.

$\therefore$ Number of neutrons in it $=x+30.4 %$ of $x=1.304 x$

Since the ion is tripositive,

$\Rightarrow$ Number of electrons in neutral atom $=x+3$

$\therefore$ Number of protons in neutral atom $=x+3$

Given,

Mass number of the ion $=56$

$ \begin{aligned} \therefore(x+3)+(1.304 x) & =56 \\ 2.304 x & =53 \\ x & =\frac{53}{2.304} \\ x & =23 \end{aligned} $

$\therefore$ Number of protons $=x+3=23+3=26$

$\therefore$ The symbol of the ion ${ }^{56} Fe^{3+}$.

Answer

The increasing order of frequency is as follows:

Radiation from FM radio < amber light $<$ radiation from microwave oven $<X$ - rays $<$ cosmic rays

The increasing order of wavelength is as follows:

Cosmic rays $<X$-rays $<$ radiation from microwave ovens $<$ amber light $<$ radiation of $FM$ radio

Answer

Power of laser = Energy with which it emits photons

Power $=E \frac{N h c}{\lambda}$

Where,

$N=$ number of photons emitted

$h=$ Planck’s constant

$c=$ velocity of radiation

$ \lambda =$ Wavelength of Radiation

Substituting the values in the given expression of Energy $(E)$ :

$ =\frac{(5.6 \times 10^{24})(6.626 \times 10^{-34} Js)(3 \times 10^{8} ms^{-1})}{(337.1 \times 10^{-9} m)} $

E

$ = 0.3302 \times 10^7 J$

$ = 3.33 \times 10^6 J $

Hence, the power of the laser is $3.33 \times 10^{6} J$.

Answer

Wavelength of radition emitted $ 616 nm=616 \times 10^{-9} $ (Given)

(a) Frequency of emission

(v)

$ v=\frac{c}{\lambda} $

Where,

$c=$ velocity of radiation

Wavelength of radition emitted $ =616nm = 616 \times 10^{-9} m $(Given)

Substituting the values in the given expression of $(v)$ :

$v=\frac{3.0 \times 10^{8} m / s}{616 \times 10^{-9} m}$

$=4.87 \times 10^{8} \times 10^{9} \times 10^{{-3}} s^{-1}$

$= 4.87 \times 10^{14}s^{- 1} $

Frequency of emission $(v)= 4.87 \times 10^{14}s^{- 1}$

(b) Velocity of radiation, $(c)=3.0 \times 10^{8} ms^{a E^{-1}}$

Distance travelled by this radiation in $30 s$

$=(3.0 \times 10^{8} ms^{{-1}})(30 s)$

$=9.0 \times 10^{9} m$

(c) Energy of quantum ( $E$ ) $=hv$

$(6.626 \times 10^{-3 4} Js)(4.87 \times 10^{14} s^{-1})$

Energy of quantum $(E)=32.27 \times 10^{-{20}} J$

(d) Energy of one photon (quantum) $=32.27 \times 10^{-20} J$

Therefore, $32.27 \times 10^{-20} J$ of energy is present in 1 quantum.

Number of quanta in $2 J$ of energy

$=\frac{2 J}{32.27 \times 10^{-20} J}$

$=6.19 \times 10^{18}$

$=6.2 \times 10^{18}$

Answer

From the expression of energy of one photon $(E)$,

$E=\frac{hc}{\lambda}$

Where,

$\lambda = $ Wavelength of radiation

$h=$ Planck’s constant

$c=$ velocity of radiation

Substituting the values in the given expression of $E$ :

E

$ =\frac{(6.626 \times 10^{-34} Js)(3 \times 10^{8} ms^{-1})}{(600 \times 10^{-9} m)} $

$E=3.313 \times 10^{0^{3 E} 19} J$

Energy of one photon $=3.313 \times 10^{-19} J$

Number of photons received with $3.15 \times 10^{{-18}} J$ energy

$=\frac{3.15 \times 10^{-18} J}{3.313 \times 10^{-19} J}$

$=9.5$

Answer

Frequency of radiation ( $ v $ ),

$v=\frac{1}{2.0 \times 10^{-9} s}$

$ v=5.0 \times 10^8 s^{-1} $

Energy (E) of source $=N h v$

Where,

$N=$ number of photons emitted

$h=$ Planck’s constant

$v$ frequency of radiation

Substituting the values in the given expression of $(E)$ :

$E=8.282 \times 10^{- 10} J$

Hence, the energy of the source $(E)$ is $8.282 \times 10^{{-10}} J$.

Answer

For $\lambda =589 nm$

Frequency of transition

$ (v_1)=\frac{c}{\lambda_1} $

$=\frac{3.0 \times 10^{8} ms^{-1}}{589 \times 10^{-9} m}$

Frequency of transition $(v)=5.093 \times 10^{14} s^{{-1}}$

Similarly, for $v=589.6 nm$

Frequency of transition

$ (v_2)=\frac{c}{\lambda_2} $

$=\frac{3.0 \times 10^{8} ms^{-1}}{589.6 \times 10^{-9} m}$

Frequency of transition $(v)=5.088 \times 10^{14} s^{-1}$

Energy difference $(\Delta E)$ between excited states $=E_1-E_2$

Where,

$E_2=$ energy associated with $v_1$

$E_1=$ energy associated with $v_2$

$ \Delta E = h(v_2-v_1)$

$ (6.626 \times 10^{34}Js)(5.093 \times 10^{14} - 5.088 \times 10 ^{14})s^{-1} $

$ (6.626 \times 10^{-34} J)(5.093 - 5.088)(10^{14}) $

$\Delta E=3.31 \times 10^{-22 }J$

Answer

It is given that the work function $(W_0)$ for caesium atom is $1.9 eV$.

(a) From the expression,

$ W_0=\frac{hc}{\lambda_0} \text{, we get: } $

$ \lambda_ 0=\frac{h c}{W_0}$

Where,

$\lambda=$ threshold wavelength

$h=$ Planck’s constant

$c=$ velocity of radiation

Substituting the values in thr given expression of $ (\lambda)$

$ \begin{aligned} & \lambda_0=\frac{(6.626 \times 10^{-34} Js)(3.0 \times 10^{8} ms^{-1})}{1.9 \times 1.602 \times 10^{-19} J} \\ & \lambda_0=6.53 \times 10^{-7} m \end{aligned} $

Hence, the threshold wavelength $\lambda_0$ is $653 nm$. (b) From the expression, $W_0=h v_0$, we get:

$v_0=\frac{W_0}{h}$

Where,

$v_0=$ threshold frequency

$h=$ Planck’s constant

Substituting the values in the given expression of $v_0$ :

$v_0=\frac{1.9 \times 1.602 \times 10^{-19} J}{6.626 \times 10^{-34} Js}$

$(1 eV=1.602 \times 10^{-19} J)$

$=4.593 \times 10^{14} s^{{-1}}$

Hence, the threshold frequency of the radiation $v_0$ is $ 4.593 \times 10^{14}s^{-1} $

(c) According to the question:

Wavelength used in irradiation $ (\lambda)=500 n m$

Kinenetic energy = $h(v- v_0)$

$=hc(\frac{1}{\lambda}-\frac{1}{\lambda_0})$

$=(6.626 \times 10^{-34} Js)(3.0 \times 10^{8} ms^{-1})(\frac{\lambda_0-\lambda}{\lambda \lambda_0})$

$=(1.9878 \times \times^{-26} Jm)[\frac{(653-500) 10^{-9} m}{(653)(500) 10^{-18} m^{2}}]$

$=\frac{(1.9878 \times 10^{-26})(153 \times 10^{9})}{(653)(500)} J$

$=9.3149 \times 10^{9 E-20} J$

Kinetic energy of the ejected photoelectron $=9.3149 \times 10^{-20} J$

Since K.E

$ =\frac{1}{2} m v^{2}=9.3149 \times 10^{-20} J $

$v=\sqrt{\frac{2(9.3149 \times 10^{-20} J)}{9.10939 \times 10^{-31} kg}}$

$=\sqrt{2.0451 \times 10^{11} m^{2} s^{-2}}$

$v=4.52 \times 10^{5} ms^{-1}$

Hence, the velocity of the ejected photoelectron $(v)$ is $4.52 \times 10^{5} ms^{{-1}}$.

Answer

(a) Assuming the threshold wavelength to be $\lambda_0 nm(=\lambda_0 \times 10^{-9} m)$, the kinetic energy of the radiation is given as:

$h(v-v_0)=\frac{1}{2} m v^{2}$

Three different equalities can be formed by the given value as:

$h c(\frac{1}{\lambda}-\frac{1}{\lambda_0})=\frac{1}{2} m v^{2}$

$h c(\frac{1}{500 \times 10^{9}}-\frac{1}{\lambda_0 \times 10^{-9} m})=\frac{1}{2} m(2.55 \times 10^{+5} \times 10^{-2} ms^{-1})$

$\frac{h c}{10^{-9} m}[\frac{1}{500}-\frac{1}{\lambda_0}]=\frac{1}{2} m(2.55 \times 10^{+3} ms^{-1})^{2}$

Similarly,

$\frac{hc}{10^{-9} m}[\frac{1}{450}-\frac{1}{\lambda_0}]=\frac{1}{2} m(3.45 \times 10^{+3} ms^{-1})^{2}$

$\frac{h c}{10^{-9} m}[\frac{1}{400}-\frac{1}{\lambda_0}]=\frac{1}{2} m(5.35 \times 10^{+3} ms^{-1})^{2}$

Dividing equation (3) by equation (1):

$ \frac{[\frac{\lambda_0-400}{400 \lambda_0}]}{[\frac{\lambda_0-500}{500 \lambda_0}]}=\frac{(5.35 \times 10^{+3} ms^{-1})^{2}}{(2.55 \times 10^{+3} ms^{-1})^{2}} $

$\frac{5 \lambda_0-2000}{4 \lambda_0-2000}=(\frac{5.35}{2.55})^{2}=\frac{28.6225}{6.5025}$

$\frac{5 \lambda_0-2000}{4 \lambda_0-2000}=4.40177$

$17.6070 \lambda_0-5 \lambda_0=8803.537-2000$

$\lambda_0=\frac{6805.537}{12.607}$

$\lambda_0=539.8 nm$

$\lambda_0 \simeq 540 nm$

$\therefore$ Threshold wavelength $(\lambda_0)=540 nm$

Note:part (b) of the question is not done due to the incorrect values of velocity given in the question.

$\frac{5 \lambda_0-2000}{4 \lambda_0-2000}=(\frac{5.35}{2.55})^{2}=\frac{28.6225}{6.5025}$

$\frac{5 \lambda_0-2000}{4 \lambda_0-2000}=4.40177$

$17.6070 \lambda_0-5 \lambda_0=8803.537-2000$

$\lambda_0=\frac{6805.537}{12.607}$

$\lambda_0=539.8 nm$

$\lambda_0 \simeq 540 nm$

Answer

From the principle of conservation of energy, the energy of an incident photon $(E)$ is equal to the sum of the work function $(W_0.$ ) of radiation and its kinetic energy (K.E) i.e.,

$E=W_0+K . E$

$\Rightarrow W_0=E-K . E$

Energy of incident photon $(E)$

$ =\frac{hc}{\lambda} $

Where, $c=$ velocity of radiation

$h=$ Planck’s constant

$\lambda = $ Wavelength of radiation

Substituting the values in the given expression of $E$ :

$ \begin{aligned} E & =\frac{(6.626 \times 10^{-34} Js)(3.0 \times 10^{8} ms^{-1})}{256.7 \times 10^{-9} m} \\ & =7.744 \times 10^{-19} J \\ & =\frac{7.744 \times 10^{-19}}{1.602 \times 10^{-19}} eV \end{aligned} $

$E=4.83 eV$

The potential applied to silver metal changes to kinetic energy (K.E) of the photoelectron. Hence,

$K . E=0.35 V$

$K . E=0.35 eV$

$\therefore$ Work function, $W_0=E$ - K.E

$=4.83 eV-0.35 eV$

$=4.48 eV$

$\frac{5 \lambda_0-2000}{4 \lambda_0-2000}=(\frac{5.35}{2.55})^{2}=\frac{28.6225}{6.5025}$

$\frac{5 \lambda_0-2000}{4 \lambda_0-2000}=4.40177$

$17.6070 \lambda_0-5 \lambda_0=8803.537-2000$

$\lambda_0=\frac{6805.537}{12.607}$

$\lambda_0=539.8 nm$

$\lambda_0 \simeq 540 nm$

Answer

Energy of incident photon $(E)$ is given by,

$E=\frac{h c}{\lambda}$

$ \begin{aligned} & =\frac{(6.626 \times 10^{-34} Js)(3.0 \times 10^{8} ms^{-1})}{(150 \times 10^{-12} m)} \\ & =1.3252 \times 10^{-15} J \\ & \simeq 13.252 \times 10^{-16} J \end{aligned} $

Energy of the electron ejected (K.E)

$=\frac{1}{2} m_e v^{2}$

$=\frac{1}{2}(9.10939 \times 10^{-31} kg)(1.5 \times 10^{7} ms^{-1})^{2}$

$=10.2480 \times 10^{- 17} J$

$=1.025 \times 10^{{-11} J}$

Hence, the energy with which the electron is bound to the nucleus can be obtained as:

$=E$ -K.E

$ 13.252 \times 10 ^{-16} J - 1.025 \times 10^{-16} J $

$=12.227 \times 10^{- 16} J$

$=\frac{12.227 \times 10^{-16}}{1.602 \times 10^{-19}} eV$

$=7.6 \times 10^{3} eV$

$\frac{5 \lambda_0-2000}{4 \lambda_0-2000}=(\frac{5.35}{2.55})^{2}=\frac{28.6225}{6.5025}$

$\frac{5 \lambda_0-2000}{4 \lambda_0-2000}=4.40177$

$17.6070 \lambda_0-5 \lambda_0=8803.537-2000$

$\lambda_0=\frac{6805.537}{12.607}$

$\lambda_0=539.8 nm$

$\lambda_0 \simeq 540 nm$

Answer

Wavelength of transition $=1285 nm$

$=1285 \times 10^{-9 } m$ (Given)

$v=3.29 \times 10^{15}(\frac{1}{3^{2}}-\frac{1}{n^{2}}) _{\text{(Given) }}$

Since $v=\frac{c}{\lambda}$

$=\frac{3.0 \times 10^{8} ms^{-1}}{1285 \times 10^{-9} m}$

$v =2.33 \times 10^{14} s^{-1} $

Substituting the value of $v$ in the given expression,

$3.29 \times 10^{15}(\frac{1}{9}-\frac{1}{n^{2}})=2.33 \times 10^{14}$

$\frac{1}{9}-\frac{1}{n^{2}}=\frac{2.33 \times 10^{14}}{3.29 \times 10^{15}}$

$\frac{1}{9}-0.7082 \times 10^{-1}=\frac{1}{n^{2}}$

$\Rightarrow \frac{1}{n^{2}}=1.1 \times 10^{-1}-0.7082 \times 10^{-1}$

$\frac{1}{n^{2}}=4.029 \times 10^{-2}$

$n=\sqrt{\frac{1}{4.029 \times 10^{-2}}}$

$n=4.98$

Hence, for the transition to be observed at $1285 nm, n=5$.

The spectrum lies in the infra-red region.

Answer

The radius of the $n^{\text{th }}$ orbit of hydrogen-like particles is given by,

$ \begin{aligned} & r=\frac{0.529 n^{2}}{Z} \mathring{A} \\ & r=\frac{52.9 n^{2}}{Z} pm \end{aligned} $

For radius $(r_1)=1.3225 nm$

$=1.32225 \times 10^{- 9} m$

$=1322.25 \times 10^{-12} m$

$=1322.25 pm$

$n_1^{2}=\frac{r_1 Z}{52.9}$

$n_1^{2}=\frac{1322.25 Z}{52.9}$

Similarly,

$n_2^{2}=\frac{211.6 Z}{52.9}$

$\frac{n_1^{2}}{n_2^{2}}=\frac{1322.5}{211.6}$

$\frac{n_1^{2}}{n_2^{2}}=6.25$

$\frac{n_1}{n_2}=2.5$

$\frac{n_1}{n_2}=\frac{25}{10}=\frac{5}{2}$

$\Rightarrow n_1=5$ and $n_2=2$

Thus, the transition is from the $5^{\text{th }}$ orbit to the $2^{\text{nd }}$ orbit. It belongs to the Balmer series.

Wave number $(\bar{{}v})$ for the transition is given by,

$1.097 \times 10^{7} (\frac{1}{2^{2}}-\frac{1}{5^{2}})$

$=1.097 \times 10^{7} m^{-1}(\frac{21}{100})$

$=2.303 \times 10^{6} m^{-1}$

$\therefore$ Wavelength $\lambda$ associated with the emission transition is given by,

$\lambda=\frac{1}{\bar{{}v}}$

$ =\frac{1}{2.303 \times 10^{6} m^{-1}} $

$ =0.434 \times 10 ^{-6}m$

$\lambda=434 nm$

This transition belongs to Balmer series and comes in the visible region of the spectrum.

Answer

From de Broglie’s equation,

$ \lambda=\frac{h}{m v} $

$\lambda=\frac{6.626 \times 10^{-34} Js}{(9.10939 \times 10^{-31} kg)(1.6 \times 10^{6} ms^{-1})}$

$=4.55 \times 10^{3 E^{140}} m$

$\lambda=455 pm$

$\therefore$ de Broglie’s wavelength associated with the electron is $455 pm$.

Answer

From de Broglie’s equation,

$ \begin{aligned} & \lambda=\frac{h}{m v} \\ & v=\frac{h}{m \lambda} \end{aligned} $

Where,

$v=$ velocity of particle (neutron)

$h=$ Planck’s constant $m=$ mass of particle (neutron)

$\lambda$ = wavelength

Substituting the values in the expression of velocity $(v)$,

$ v=\frac{6.626 \times 10^{-34} Js}{(1.67493 \times 10^{-27} kg)(800 \times 10^{-12} m)} $

$=4.94 \times 10^{2} ms^{\mathrm{at \epsilon}}$

$v=494 ms^{ac \cdot 1}$

$\therefore$ Velocity associated with the neutron $=494 ms^{{-1}}$

Answer

According to de Broglie’s equation,

$ \lambda=\frac{h}{m v} $

Where,

$ \lambda$ =Wavelength associated with the electron

$h=$ Planck’s constant

$m=$ mass of electron

$v=$ velocity of electron

$ \begin{aligned} \lambda & =\frac{6.626 \times 10^{-34} Js}{(9.10939 \times 10^{-31} kg)(2.19 \times 10^{6} ms^{-1})} \\ & =3.32 \times 10^{-10} m=3.32 \times 10^{-10} m \times \frac{100}{100} \\ & =332 \times 10^{-12} m \end{aligned} $

$\lambda=332 pm$

$\therefore$ Wavelength associated with the electron $=332 pm$

Answer

According to de Broglie’s expression,

$\lambda=\frac{h}{m v}$

Substituting the values in the expression,

$ \begin{aligned} & \lambda=\frac{6.626 \times 10^{-34} Js}{(0.1 kg)(4.37 \times 10^{5} ms^{-1})} \\ & \lambda=1.516 \times 10^{-38} m \end{aligned} $

Answer

From Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle,

$ \Delta x \times \Delta p=\frac{h}{4 \pi} \Rightarrow \Delta p=\frac{1}{\Delta x} \cdot \frac{h}{4 \pi} $

Where,

$\Delta x=$ uncertainty in position of the electron

$\Delta p=$ uncertainty in momentum of the electron

Substituting the values in the expression of $\Delta p$ :

$ \begin{aligned} & \Delta p=\frac{1}{0.002 nm} \times \frac{6.626 \times 10^{-34} Js}{4 \times(3.14)} \\ & =\frac{1}{2 \times 10^{-12} m} \times \frac{6.626 \times 10^{-34} Js}{4 \times 3.14} \\ & =2.637 \times 10^{- 2} Jsm^{- 1} \\ & \Delta p=2.637 \times 10^{-23} kgms^{-1}(1 J=1 kgms^{2} s^{-1}) \end{aligned} $

$\therefore$ Uncertainty in the momentum of the electron $=2.637 \times 10^{-23} kgms^{- 1}$.

Actual momentum

$ =\frac{h}{4 \pi_m \times 0.05 nm} $

$ \begin{aligned} & =\frac{6.626 \times 10^{-34} Js}{4 \times 3.14 \times 5.0 \times 10^{-11} m} \\ & =1.055 \times 10^{\hat{A}} E^{-24} kgms^{{-1}} \end{aligned} $

Since the magnitude of the actual momentum is smaller than the uncertainty, the value cannot be defined.

Answer

For $n=4$ and $I=2$, the orbital occupied is $4 d$.

For $n=3$ and $l=2$, the orbital occupied is $3 d$.

For $n=4$ and $l=1$, the orbital occupied is $4 p$.

Hence, the six electrons i.e., $1,2,3,4,5$, and 6 are present in the $4 d, 3 d, 4 p, 3 d, 3 p$, and $4 p$ orbitals respectively.

Therefore, the increasing order of energies is $5(3 p)<2(3 d)=4(3 d)<3(4 p)=6(4 p)<1(4 d)$.

Answer

Nuclear charge experienced by an electron (present in a multi-electron atom) is dependant upon the distance between the nucleus and the orbital, in which the electron is present. As the distance increases, the effective nuclear charge also decreases.

Among $p$-orbitals, $4 p$ orbitals are farthest from the nucleus of bromine atom with (+35) charge. Hence, the electrons in the $4 p$ orbital will experience the lowest effective nuclear charge. These electrons are shielded by electrons present in the 2 pand $3 p$ orbitals along with the s-orbitals. Therefore, they will experience the lowest nuclear charge.

Answer

Nuclear charge is defined as the net positive charge experienced by an electron in the orbital of a multi-electron atom. The closer the orbital, the greater is the nuclear charge experienced by the electron (s) in it.

(i) The electron(s) present in the $2 s$ orbital will experience greater nuclear charge (being closer to the nucleus) than the electron(s) in the $3 s$ orbital.

(ii) $4 d$ will experience greater nuclear charge than $4 f$ since $4 d$ is closer to the nucleus.

(iii) $3 p$ will experience greater nuclear charge since it is closer to the nucleus than $3 f$.

Answer

Nuclear charge is defined as the net positive charge experienced by an electron in a multi-electron atom.

The higher the atomic number, the higher is the nuclear charge. Silicon has 14 protons while aluminium has 13 protons. Hence, silicon has a larger nuclear charge of (+14) than aluminium, which has a nuclear charge of (+13). Thus, the electrons in the $3 p$ orbital of silicon will experience a more effective nuclear charge than aluminium.

Answer

(a) Phosphorus (P):

Atomic number $=15$

The electronic configuration of $P$ is:

$1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{2} 3 p^{3}$

The orbital picture of $P$ can be represented as:

From the orbital picture, phosphorus has three unpaired electrons.

(b) Silicon (Si):

Atomic number $=14$

The electronic configuration of $Si$ is:

$1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{2} 3 p^{2}$

The orbital picture of $Si$ can be represented as:

From the orbital picture, silicon has two unpaired electrons.

(c) Chromium (Cr):

Atomic number $=24$

The electronic configuration of $Cr$ is:

$1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{2} 3 p^{6} 4 s^{1} 3 d^{5}$

The orbital picture of chromium is:

From the orbital picture, chromium has six unpaired electrons.

(d) Iron (Fe):

Atomic number $=26$

The electronic configuration is:

$1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{2} 3 p^{6} 4 s^{2} 3 d^{6}$

The orbital picture of chromium is:

From the orbital picture, iron has four unpaired electrons.

(e) Krypton (Kr):

Atomic number $=36$

The electronic configuration is:

$1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{2} 3 p^{6} 4 s^{2} 3 d^{10} 4 p^{6}$

The orbital picture of krypton is:

Since all orbitals are fully occupied, there are no unpaired electrons in krypton.

Answer

(a) $n=4$ (Given)

For a given value of ’ $n$ ‘, ’l’ can have values from zero to ( $n$ â€" 1 ).

$\therefore I=0,1,2,3$

Thus, four sub-shells are associated with $n=4$, which are $s, p, d$ and $f$.

(b) Number of orbitals in the $n^{\text{th }}$ shell $=n^{2}$

For $n=4$

Number of orbitals $=16$

If each orbital is taken fully, then it will have 1 electron with $m_s$ value of $-\frac{1}{2}$.

$\therefore$ Number of electrons with $m_s$ value of $(-\frac{1}{2})$ is 16 .