Biological Evolution:

• Explains how species change over time.

• Driven by natural selection, genetic variation, mutation, and genetic drift.

• Leads to diversity of life on Earth.

• Provides a framework for understanding relationships between species and common ancestry.

Evidences for Evolution:

• Supported by various scientific fields.

• Fossil records show extinct species and transitional forms.

• Comparative anatomy reveals homologous and vestigial structures.

• Molecular biology traces evolutionary relationships.

• Biogeography studies species distribution.

Evidences for Paleontology:

• Paleontology studies fossils and Earth’s history.

• Fossils document ancient organisms and species changes.

• Fossils provide evidence of mass extinctions.

Evidences for Morphology & Anatomy:

• Comparative morphology studies physical structures.

• Homologous structures suggest common ancestry.

• Vestigial structures are remnants of ancestral traits.

Divergent Evolution:

• Occurs when species with common ancestors evolve different traits.

• Leads to new species.

• Often observed in adaptive radiation events.

Convergent Evolution:

• Involves unrelated species evolving similar traits.

• Adaptations due to similar environmental pressures.

• Leads to analogous structures serving similar functions.

Connecting Links:

• Transitional fossils exhibit intermediate characteristics.

• Provide evidence of evolutionary transitions.

Direct Observation:

• Witnessed in organisms with short generation times (e.g., bacteria).

• Examples include antibiotic resistance.

Anthropogenic Evolution:

• Human activities influence evolution of other species.

• Selective breeding shapes genetics of domesticated plants and animals.

• Pollution and habitat destruction impact wild species’ traits and behaviors.