Biological Evolution:

  • Explains how species change over time.

  • Driven by natural selection, genetic variation, mutation, and genetic drift.

  • Leads to diversity of life on Earth.

  • Provides a framework for understanding relationships between species and common ancestry.

Evidences for Evolution:

  • Supported by various scientific fields.

  • Fossil records show extinct species and transitional forms.

  • Comparative anatomy reveals homologous and vestigial structures.

  • Molecular biology traces evolutionary relationships.

  • Biogeography studies species distribution.

Evidences for Paleontology:

  • Paleontology studies fossils and Earth’s history.

  • Fossils document ancient organisms and species changes.

  • Fossils provide evidence of mass extinctions.

Evidences for Morphology & Anatomy:

  • Comparative morphology studies physical structures.

  • Homologous structures suggest common ancestry.

  • Vestigial structures are remnants of ancestral traits.

Divergent Evolution:

  • Occurs when species with common ancestors evolve different traits.

  • Leads to new species.

  • Often observed in adaptive radiation events.

Convergent Evolution:

  • Involves unrelated species evolving similar traits.

  • Adaptations due to similar environmental pressures.

  • Leads to analogous structures serving similar functions.

Connecting Links:

  • Transitional fossils exhibit intermediate characteristics.

  • Provide evidence of evolutionary transitions.

Direct Observation:

  • Witnessed in organisms with short generation times (e.g., bacteria).

  • Examples include antibiotic resistance.

Anthropogenic Evolution:

  • Human activities influence evolution of other species.

  • Selective breeding shapes genetics of domesticated plants and animals.

  • Pollution and habitat destruction impact wild species’ traits and behaviors.



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