Agricultural Practices Leading to Green Revolution:

• Increased crop production in the mid-20th century.

• Introduction of high-yielding crop varieties, fertilizers, pesticides, and improved irrigation.

• Boosted food production, alleviated hunger, and improved agricultural economies.

Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation and Tissue-Specific Expression:

• Achieves tissue-specific gene expression in plants.

• Provides control over where and when the transgene is expressed.

Controversy Surrounding Golden Rice:

• Controversies include GMO safety, intellectual property rights, and economic implications.

• Some argue it has not effectively addressed vitamin A deficiency.

Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of Cotton in Biotechnology and Its Application:

• Used to introduce desired traits like insect resistance or herbicide tolerance in cotton.

• Enhances cotton yield and reduces the need for chemical pesticides.

Biofertilizers vs. Conventional Chemical Fertilizers:

• Biofertilizers: Microorganisms that enhance soil fertility naturally.

• Conventional chemical fertilizers: Synthetic compounds providing nutrients to plants.

• Biofertilizers are eco-friendly and sustainable, promoting soil health.

Microbes:

• Microbes, including bacteria and fungi, play vital roles in biotechnology.

• Used in fermentation, bioremediation, and biopharmaceutical production.

Phosphate Solubilizing Microbes:

• Bacteria converting insoluble phosphate into a soluble form for plant absorption.

• Enhance plant growth and reduce the need for phosphate fertilizers.

Golden Rice:

• Genetically modified rice producing beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A.

• Aims to combat vitamin A deficiency in developing countries.

Outline of the Cloning Steps:

• Cloning involves creating genetically identical organisms or gene copies.

• Steps include isolation, insertion, selection, and identification of desired DNA.

Points for Consideration:

• Ethical, environmental, and safety considerations in biotechnology.

• Address potential risks, regulatory compliance, and public acceptance.

Expression Cassette:

• DNA construct with a promoter, gene of interest, and regulatory elements.

• Used to express specific genes in host organisms.

Process for Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of Plants:

• Common method for introducing foreign DNA into plants.

• Uses Agrobacterium tumefaciens to deliver desired DNA into plant cells.