Agricultural Practices Leading to Green Revolution:

  • Increased crop production in the mid-20th century.

  • Introduction of high-yielding crop varieties, fertilizers, pesticides, and improved irrigation.

  • Boosted food production, alleviated hunger, and improved agricultural economies.

Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation and Tissue-Specific Expression:

  • Achieves tissue-specific gene expression in plants.

  • Provides control over where and when the transgene is expressed.

Controversy Surrounding Golden Rice:

  • Controversies include GMO safety, intellectual property rights, and economic implications.

  • Some argue it has not effectively addressed vitamin A deficiency.

Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of Cotton in Biotechnology and Its Application:

  • Used to introduce desired traits like insect resistance or herbicide tolerance in cotton.

  • Enhances cotton yield and reduces the need for chemical pesticides.

Biofertilizers vs. Conventional Chemical Fertilizers:

  • Biofertilizers: Microorganisms that enhance soil fertility naturally.

  • Conventional chemical fertilizers: Synthetic compounds providing nutrients to plants.

  • Biofertilizers are eco-friendly and sustainable, promoting soil health.

Microbes:

  • Microbes, including bacteria and fungi, play vital roles in biotechnology.

  • Used in fermentation, bioremediation, and biopharmaceutical production.

Phosphate Solubilizing Microbes:

  • Bacteria converting insoluble phosphate into a soluble form for plant absorption.

  • Enhance plant growth and reduce the need for phosphate fertilizers.

Golden Rice:

  • Genetically modified rice producing beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A.

  • Aims to combat vitamin A deficiency in developing countries.

Outline of the Cloning Steps:

  • Cloning involves creating genetically identical organisms or gene copies.

  • Steps include isolation, insertion, selection, and identification of desired DNA.

Points for Consideration:

  • Ethical, environmental, and safety considerations in biotechnology.

  • Address potential risks, regulatory compliance, and public acceptance.

Expression Cassette:

  • DNA construct with a promoter, gene of interest, and regulatory elements.

  • Used to express specific genes in host organisms.

Process for Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of Plants:

  • Common method for introducing foreign DNA into plants.

  • Uses Agrobacterium tumefaciens to deliver desired DNA into plant cells.



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