Andhra Pradesh Board


PHYSICS-XI

UNIT I: PHYSICAL WORLD

What is Physics?, Scope and excitement of Physics, Physics, technology and Society, Fundamental forces in nature, Nature of Physical Laws

UNIT II: UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

UNIT III: MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE

  • Motion in a straight line
  • Position
  • Path Length and Displacement
  • Average Velocity and Speed
  • Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
  • Acceleration
  • Kinematic equations for uniformly accelerated motion
  • Relative velocity

UNIT IV: MOTION IN A PLANE

  • Motion in a plane
  • Projectile Motion
  • Uniform Circular Motion
  • Scalars and Vectors
  • Multiplication of Vectors by real numbers
  • Addition and Subtraction of Vectors-graphical method
  • Resolution of Vectors
  • Vector addition - analytical method, Motion in a plane
  • Motion in a plane with constant acceleration
  • Relative velocity in two dimensions

UNIT V: LAWS OF MOTION

UNIT VI: WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

UNIT VII: SYSTEM OF PARTICLE AND ROTATIONAL MOTION

UNIT VIII: OSCILLATIONS

UNIT IX: GRAVITATION

UNIT X: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS

  • Introduction
  • Elastic behavior of Solids
  • Stress and Strain
  • Hooke’s Law
  • Stress-strain curve
  • Elastic Module
  • Applications of elastic behavior of Materials

UNIT XI: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

  • Introduction
  • Pressure
  • Streamline flow
  • Bernoulli’s principle
  • Viscosity
  • Reynolds number
  • Surface Tension

UNIT XII: THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

  • Introduction
  • Temperature and Heat
  • Measurement of Temperature
  • Ideal-Gas Equation and Absolute Temperature
  • Thermal Expansion
  • Specific Heat Capacity
  • Calorimetry
  • Change of State
  • Heat transfer
  • Newton’s Law of Cooling

UNIT XIII: THERMODYNAMICS

UNIT XIV: KINETIC THEORY

  • Introduction
  • Molecular Nature of Matter
  • Behaviour of Gases
  • Kinetic Theory of an Ideal Gas
  • Law of equipartition of energy
  • Specific Heat Capacity
  • Mean Free Path

PHYSICS-XII

UNIT I: WAVES

UNIT II: RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

  • Introduction
  • Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors
  • Refraction
  • Total Internal Reflection
  • Refraction at Spherical Surfaces and by Lenses
  • Refraction through a Prism
  • Dispersion by a Prism
  • Some Natural Phenomena due to Sunlight
  • Optical Instrumets

UNIT III: WAVE OPTICS

UNIT IV: ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS

  • Introduction
  • Electric Charges
  • Conductors and Insulators
  • Charging by Induction
  • Basic Properties of Electric Charge
  • Coulomb’s Law
  • Forces between Multiple Charges
  • Electric Field
  • Electric Field Lines
  • Electric Flux
  • Electric Dipole
  • Dipole in a Uniform External Field
  • Continuous Charge Distribution
  • Gauss’s Law
  • Application of Gauss’s Law

UNIT V: ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE

  • Introduction
  • Electrostatic Potential
  • Potential due to a point Charge
  • Potential due to an Electric Dipole
  • Potential due to a System of Charges
  • Equipotential Surfaces
  • Potential Energy of a System of Charges
  • Potential Energy in an External Field
  • Electrostatics of Conductors
  • Dieletrics and Polarisation
  • Capacitors and Capacitance
  • The Parallel Plate Capacitor
  • Effect of Dielectric on Capacitance
  • Combination of Capacitor
  • Energy Stored in a Capacitor
  • Van de Graaff Generator

UNIT VI: CURRENT ELECTRICITY

UNIT VII: MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNESTISM

  • Introduction
  • Magnetic Force
  • Motion in a Magnetic Field
  • Motion in Combined Electric and Magnetic Fields
  • Magnetic Field due to a Current Element
  • Biot-Savart Law
  • Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular Current Loop
  • Amper’s Circuital Law
  • The Solenoid and the Toroid
  • Force between Two Parallel Currents
  • The Ampere (Unit)
  • Torque on Current Loop
  • Magnetic Dipole
  • The Moving Coil Galvanometer

UNIT VIII: MAGNETISM AND MATTER

  • Introduction
  • The Bar Magnet
  • Magnetism and Gauss’s Law
  • The Earth’s Magnetism
  • Magnetisation and Magnetic Intensity
  • Magnetic Properties of Materials
  • Permanent Magnets and Electromagnets

UNIT IX: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

  • Introduction
  • The Experiments of Faraday and Henry
  • Magnetic Flux
  • Faraday’s Law of Induction
  • Lenz’s Law and Conservation of Energy
  • Motional Electromotive Force
  • Energy Consideration: A Quantitative Study
  • Eddy Currents
  • Inductance
  • AC Generator

UNIT X: ALTERNATING CURRENT

UNIT XI: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

UNIT XII: DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER

  • Introduction
  • Electron Emission
  • Photoelectric Effect
  • Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect
  • Photoelectric Effect and Wave Theory of Light
  • Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation: Energy Quantum of Radiation
  • Particle Nature of Light: The Photon
  • Wave Nature of Matter
  • Davisson and Germmer Experiment

UNIT XIII: ATOMS

UNIT XIV: NUCLEI

UNIT XV: SEMICONDUCTOR ELCTRONICS: MATERIALS,DEVICES AND SIMPLE CIRCUITS

  • Introduction
  • Classification of Metals
  • Conductors and Semiconductors
  • Intrinsic Semiconductor
  • Extrinsic Semiconductor
  • p-n Junction
  • Semiconductor diode
  • Application of Junction Diode as a Rectifier
  • Special Purpose p-n Junction Diodes
  • Junction Transistor
  • Digital Electronics and Logic Gates
  • Integrated Circuits

UNIT XVI: COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

  • Introduction
  • Elements of a Communication System
  • Basic terminology Used in Electronic Communication Systems
  • Bandwidth of Signals
  • Bandwidth of Transmission Medium
  • Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves
  • Modulation and its Necessity
  • Amplitude Modulation
  • Production of Amplitude Modulated Wave
  • Detection of Amplitude Modulated Wave

CHEMISTRY-XI

UNIT I: ATOMIC STRUCTURE

  • Sub-atomic particles
  • Atomic models-Rutherford’s nuclear model of atom
  • Developments to the Bohr’s model of atom
  • Bohr’s model for hydrogen atom
  • Towards quantum mechanical model of the atom
  • Quantum mechanical model of an atom
  • Important features of quantum mechanical model of atom-orbitals and quantum numbers-shapes of atomic orbitals-energies of orbitals-filling of orbitals in atoms
  • Aufbau principle
  • Pauli’s exclusion principle and Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity - Electronic configurations of atoms-Stability of half filled and completely filled orbitals

UNIT II: CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES

  • Need to classify elements
  • Genesis of periodic classification
  • Modern periodic law and present form of the periodic table
  • Nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than 100
  • Electronic configuration of elements and the periodic table
  • Electronic configuration and types of elements s,p,d and f blocks
  • Trends in physical properties-periodic trends in chemical properties-Periodic trends and chemical reactivity

UNIT III: CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE

UNIT IV: STATES OF MATTER: GASES AND LIQUIDS

  • Intermolecular forces
  • Thermal energy
  • Intermolecular forces Vs Thermal interactions
  • The gaseous state
  • The gas laws
  • Ideal gas equation
  • Graham’s law of diffusion
  • Dalton’s law of partial pressures
  • Kinetic molecular theory of gases
  • Kinetc gas equation of an ideal gas (no derivation)
  • Deduction of gas laws from kinetic gas equation
  • Distribution of molecular speeds - rms
  • Average and most probable speeds - kinetic energy of gas molecules
  • Behaviour of real gases - deviation from ideal gas behavior - compressibility factor Vs pressure diagrams of real gases
  • Liquefaction of gases
  • Liquid state - properties of liquids in terms of inter molecular interactions - vapour pressure
  • Viscosity and surface tension (Qualitative idea only, no mathematical derivation)

UNIT V: STOICHIOMETRY

  • Some basic concepts
  • Laws of chemical combinations
  • Gay Lussac’s law of Gaseous volumes
  • Dalton’s atomic theory
  • Avogadro law
  • Atomic and molecular masses - mole concept and molar mass concept of equivalent weight
  • Percentage composition of compounds and calculations of empirical and molecular formulae of compounds
  • Stoichiometry and stoichiometric calculations
  • Methods of expressing concentrations of solutions
  • Redox reactions
  • Oxidation number concept
  • Types of redox reactions
  • Balancing of redox reactions - oxidation number method - half reaction (ionelectron)method
  • Redox reactions in titrimetry

UNIT VI: THERMODYNAMICS

UNIT VII: CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM AND ACIDS-BASES

UNIT VIII: HYDROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

  • Position of hydrogen in the periodic table
  • Dihydrogen - Occurance and isotopes
  • Preparation of dihydrogen
  • Properties of dihydrogen
  • Hydrides: Ionic, covalent, and non-stiochiometric hydrides
  • Water: Physical properties
  • Structure of water
  • Ice chemical properties of water
  • Hard and soft water temporary and permanent hardness of water
  • Hydrogen peroxide: Preparation
  • Physical properties
  • Structure and chemical properties
  • Storage and uses
  • Heavy water
  • Hydrogen as a fuel

UNIT IX: s- BLOCK ELEMENTS (ALKALI AND ALKALINE EARTH METALS)

  • GROUP 1 ELEMENTS: Alkali metals
  • Electronic configuration
  • Atomic and ionic radii
  • Ionization enthalpy
  • Hydration enthalpy
  • Physical properties
  • Chemical properties
  • Uses
  • General characteristics of the compounds of the alkali metals: oxides; halides; salts of oxy acids
  • Anamalous properties of lithium
  • Some important compounds of sodium: Sodium carbonate; sodium chloride; sodium hydroxide; sodium hydrogen carbonate
  • Biological importance of sodium and potassium
  • Group 2 Elements: Alkaline earth elements
  • Electronic configuration
  • Ionization enthalpy
  • Hydration enthalpy
  • Physical properties
  • Chemical properties
  • uses
  • General characteristics of compounds of the alkaline earth metals, oxides, hydroxides, halides, salts of oxyacids (carbonates, sulphates and nitrates)
  • Anomalous behavior of beryllium; its diagonal relationship with aluminium
  • Some important compounds of calcium
  • Biological importance of calcium and magnesium

UNIT X: p-BLOCK ELEMENTS GROUP 13 (BORON FAMILY)

  • Introduction Ac Voltage Applied to a Register Representation of AC Current and Voltage by Rotating Vectors - Phasors
  • AC Voltage Applied to an Inductor
  • AC Voltage Applied to an Capacitor
  • AC Voltage Applied to a Series LCR Circuit
  • Power in AC Circuit
  • The Power Factor LC Oscillations Transformers

UNIT XI: p-BLOCK ELEMENTS GROUP 14 (CARBON FAMILY)

  • General introduction - Electronic configuration
  • Atomic radii
  • Ionization enthalpy
  • Electro negativity
  • Physical & chemical properties
  • Important trends and anomalous properties of carbon
  • Allotropes of carbon
  • Uses of carbon
  • Some important compounds of carbon and silicon-carbonmonoxide
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Silica
  • Silicones
  • Silicates and zeolites

UNIT XII: ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY

  • Definition of terms: Air, Water and Soil pollutions
  • Environmental pollution
  • Atmospheric pollution
  • Acid rain: Particulate pollutants
  • Stratospheric pollution
  • Water pollution
  • Soil Pollution: Pesticides, industrial wastes
  • Strategies to control environmental pollution
  • Green chemistry

UNIT XIII: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES AND HYDROCARBONS

  • General introduction
  • Tetravalency of Carbon: shapes of organic compounds
  • Structural representations of organic compounds
  • Classification of organic compounds
  • Nomenclature of organic compounds
  • Isomerism
  • Fundamental concepts in organic reaction mechanisms
  • Methods of purification of organic compounds
  • Qualitative elemental analysis of organic compounds
  • Quantitative elemental analysis of organic compounds
  • HYDROCARBONS: Classification of hydrocarbons
  • Alkanes - Nomenclature
  • Isomerism (structural and conformations of ethane only)
  • Preparation of alkanes
  • Properties of alkanes
  • Alkenes - Nomenclature
  • Structure of ethane
  • Isomerism (structural and geometrical)
  • Methods of preparation of alkenes
  • Properties of alkenes
  • Alkynes - Nomenclature and isomerism
  • Structure of acetylene methods of preparation of acetylene
  • Physical properties and chemical reactions of alkynes
  • Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Nomenclature and isomerism
  • Structure of benzene
  • Resonance and aromaticity
  • Preparation of benzene
  • Physical and chemical properties of benzene
  • Directive influence of functional groups in mono substituted benzene
  • Carcinogenicity and toxicity

CHEMISTRY-XII

UNIT I: SOLID STATE

  • General Characteristic of Solid State
  • Amorphous and Crystalline Solids
  • Classification of Crystalline Solids
  • Probing the structure of solids: X-Ray Crystallography
  • Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells
  • Number of Atoms in a Unit Cell
  • Close Packed Structures
  • Packing Efficiency
  • Calculation involving unit cell Dimensions
  • Imperfection in Solids
  • Electrical Properties
  • Magnetic Properties

UNIT II: SOLUTIONS

UNIT III: ELOCTROCHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL KINETICS ELECTROCHEMISTRY

  • Electrochemical Cells
  • Galvanic Cells
  • Nernst Equation
  • Conductance Electrolytic Solutions
  • Electrolytic Cell and Electrolysis
  • Batteries
  • Fuel Cells
  • Corrosion
  • CHEMICAL KINETICS: Rate of Chemical Reaction
  • Factors influencing Rate of Reaction
  • Integrated Rate Equations
  • Pseudo First Order Reaction
  • Temperature Dependence of the Rate of a Reaction
  • Collision Theory of Chemical Reaction Rates

UNIT IV: SURFACE CHEMISTRY

  • Adsorption
  • Catalysis
  • Colloids
  • Classification of Colloids
  • Emulsions
  • Colloid Around Us

UNIT V: GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF MEALLURGY

  • Occurrence of Metals
  • Concentration of Ores
  • Extraction of crude Metal from Concentrated Ore
  • Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy
  • Electrochemical Principles of Metallurgy
  • Oxidation and Reduction
  • Refining of Crude Metal
  • Uses of Aluminium, Copper, Zinc and Iron

UNIT VI: p-BLOCK ELEMENTS GROUP -15 ELEMENTS

  • Introduction
  • Dinitrogen
  • Ammonia
  • Oxides of nitrogen
  • Nitric Acid
  • Phosphorous –allotropic forms
  • Phosphine
  • Phosphorous halides
  • Oxoacids of phosphorous
  • GROUP - 16 ELEMENTS Introduction
  • Dioxygen
  • Simple Oxides
  • Ozone
  • Sulphur - Allotropic forms
  • Sulphur dioxide
  • Oxoacids of Sulphur
  • Sulphuric Acid
  • GROUP - 17 ELEMENTS Introduction
  • Chlorine
  • Hydrogen Chloride
  • Oxoacids
  • Interhalogen Compounds
  • GROUP - 18 ELEMENTS Introduction - Occurance
  • Electronic configuration
  • Ionisation Enthalpy
  • Atomic radii
  • Electron Gain Enthalpy
  • Physical and Chemical Properties

UNIT VII: d AND f BLOCK ELEMENTS & COORDINATION COMPOUNDS

  • Position in the Periodic Table
  • Electronic Configuration
  • General Properties of Transition Elements (d-Block)
  • Some Important Compounds of Transition Elements
  • Inner Transition Elements (f-Block)
  • Actinoids
  • Some Applications of d and f Block Elements
  • Werner’ s Theory of Coordination Compounds
  • Definitions of Some Terms used in Coordination Compounds
  • Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds
  • Isomerism in Coordination Compounds
  • Bonding in Coordination Compounds
  • Bonding in Metal Carbonyls
  • Stability of Coordination Compounds
  • Importance and Applications of Coordination Compounds

UNIT VIII: POLYMERS

  • Classification of Polymers
  • Types of Polymerization Reactions
  • Molecular Mass of Polymers
  • Biodegradable Polymers

UNIT IX: BIOEMOLECULES

  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Enzymes
  • Vitamins
  • Nucleic acids
  • Hormones

UNIT X: CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE

  • Drugs and their classification
  • Drug - Target Interaction
  • Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drug
  • Chemicals in Food
  • Cleansing Agents

UNIT XI: HALO ALKANES AND HALOARENES

  • Classification
  • Nature of C-X bond
  • Methods of Preparation
  • Physical Properties
  • Chemical Reactions
  • Polyhalogen Compounds

UNIT XII: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTANING C, H AND O (Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers, Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic acids) Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers

  • Classification - Alcohols , Phenols and Ethers
  • Nomenclature - Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
  • Structures of Hydroxy and Ether Functional Groups, Alcohols and Phenols
  • Physical Properties
  • Chemical Reactions
  • Some Commercially Important Alcohols, Ethers
  • ALDEHYDES, KETONES Nomenclature and Structure of Carbonyl Group
  • Preparation of Aldehydes and ketones
  • Physical Properties
  • Chemical Reactions
  • Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones
  • CARBOXYLIC ACIDS Nomenclature and Structure of Carboxyl Group
  • Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
  • Physical Properties
  • Chemical Reactions
  • Uses of Carboxylic Acids

UNIT XIII: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN

MATHEMATICS-XI

MATHEMATICS - I(A)

UNIT I: FUNCTIONS

UNIT II: MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION

  • Introduction
  • Principles of Mathematical Induction and Theorems
  • Applications of Mathematical Induction
  • Problems on divisibility

UNIT III: MATRICES

UNIT IV: ADDITION OF VECTORS

  • Introduction
  • Vectors as a triad of real numbers
  • Some basic concepts Classification (Types) of Vectors
  • Sum (Addition) of Vectors
  • Scalar Multiplication of a vector
  • Angle between two non- zero vectors
  • Linear Combination of Vectors
  • Components of a vectors in Three Dimensions
  • Vector Equations of Line and Plane

UNIT V: PRODUCT OF VECTORS

  • Introduction
  • Scalar or dot product of two vectors-Geometrical interpretation
  • Orthogonal Projections
  • Properties of dot product
  • Expression for Scalar(dot) product
  • Angle between two vectors
  • Geometrical Vector methods
  • Vector equation of a plane -normal form
  • Angle between two planes
  • Vector product (cross product) of two vectors and properties
  • Vector product in (i,j,k) system
  • Vector Areas
  • Scalar triple product
  • Vector equation of a plane-different forms
  • Skew lines
  • Shortest distance- plane
  • Condition for coplanarity etc.
  • Vector triple product-results
  • Solved Problems

UNIT VI: TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS UPTO TRANSFORMATIONS

  • Introduction
  • Trigonometric ratios - variation - Graphs and periodicity
  • Trigonometric ratios of compound angles
  • Trigonometric ratios of multiple and sub- multiple angles
  • Sum and product transformation

UNIT VII: TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS

  • Introduction
  • General solutions of trigonometric equations
  • Simple trigonometric equations-solutions

UNIT VIII: INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

  • Introduction
  • To reduce a trigonometric function into a bijective function
  • Graphs of Inverse trigonometric functions
  • Properties of inverse trigonometric functions

UNIT IX: HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

  • Introduction
  • Definitions of Hyperbolic Function, graphs
  • Definitions of inverse Hyperbolic Functions and graphs
  • Additions formula of Hyperbolic Functions

UNIT X: PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES

  • Introduction
  • Relation between the sides and angles of a triangle
  • Sine, cosine and Tangent Rules- Projection Rules
  • Half angle formulae and area of a triangle
  • Incircle and excircles of a triangle

MATHEMATICS - I(B)

UNIT I: LOCUS

  • Introduction
  • Definition of Locus- IIIustrations
  • Equation of Locus-Problems connected to it

UNIT II: TRANSFORMATION OF AXES

  • Introduction
  • Transformation of axes-Rules,derivations and illustratiorts
  • Rotation of axes-Derivations-Illustrations

UNIT III: THE STRAIGHT LINE

  • Introduction
  • Revision of fundamental results
  • Straight line- Normal form-Illustrations
  • Straight line-Symmetric form
  • Straight line-Reduction into various forms
  • Intersection of two straight lines
  • Family of straight lines-Concurrent lines
  • Condition for Concurrent lines
  • Angle between two lines
  • Length of the perpendicular from a point to a line
  • Distance between two parallel lines
  • Concurrent lines- Properties related to a triangle

UNIT IV: PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES

  • Introduction
  • Equations of a pair of lines passing through the origin Angle between a pair of lines
  • Condition for perpendicular and coincident lines
  • Bisectors of angles
  • Pair of bisectors of angles
  • Pair- of lines - Second degree general equation
  • Conditions for parallel lines- Distance between them
  • Point of intersection of pair of lines
  • Homogenising a second degree equation with a first degree equation in x and y

UNIT V: THREE DIMENSIONAL COORDINATES

  • Introduction
  • Coordinates
  • Section formula
  • Solved Problems

UNIT VI: DIRECTION COSINES AND DIRECTION RATIOS

  • Introduction
  • Direction cosines
  • Direction ratios

UNIT VII: THE PLANE

  • Introduction
  • Cartesian equation of a plane- Simple illustrations

UNIT VIII: LIMITS AND CONTINUITY

UNIT IX: DIFFERENTIATION

  • Introduction
  • Derivative of a function
  • Elementary properties
  • Trigonometric
  • Inverse Trigonometric
  • Hyperbolic
  • Inverse Hyperbolic Functions- Derivatives
  • Methods of differentiation
  • Second Order Derivatives

UNIT X: APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES INTRODUCTION

  • Introduction
  • Errors and approximations
  • Geometrical interpretation of the derivative
  • Equations of tangent and normal to a curve
  • Lengths of tangent, normal, subtangent and subnormal
  • Angle between two curves and condition for orthogonality of curves
  • Derivatives as a rate of change
  • Rolle’s Theorem and Lagrange’s Mean Valve Theorem
  • Increasing and Decreasing functions
  • Maxima and Minima

MATHEMATICS-XII

MATHEMATICS - II(A)

UNIT I: COMPLEX NUMBERS

UNIT II: DE MOIVRE’S THEOREM

  • Introduction
  • De Moivre’s Theorem- Integral and Rational Indices
  • nth roots of unity-Geographical Interpretations- Illustrations

UNIT III: QUADRATIC EXPRESSIONS

  • Introduction
  • Quadratic Expressions
  • Equations in one Variable
  • Sign of quadratic expressions-Change in signs and Maximum and Minimum
  • Quadratic Inequations

UNIT IV: THEORY OF EQUATIONS

  • Introduction
  • Relation between the roots and the coefficients in an Equation
  • Solving an equation when two or more of its roots are connected by certain relations
  • Equations with real coefficients - occurrence of complex roots in conjugate pairs and its consequences
  • Transformation of equations - Reciprocal equations

UNIT V: PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS

UNIT VI: BINOMIAL THEOREM

UNIT VII: PARTIAL FRACTIONS

  • Introduction
  • Rational Fractions
  • Partial Fractions of f(x)/g(x), when g(x) contains non-repeated linear factors
  • Partial Fractions of f(x)/g(x), when g(x) contains repeated and I or non-repeated linear factors
  • Partial Fractions of f(x)/g(x), when g(x) contains irreducible factors

UNIT VIII: MEASURE OF DISPERSION

  • Introduction
  • Range
  • Mean Deviation
  • Variance and Standard Deviation of ungrouped /grouped data
  • Coefficient of Variation and analysis of frequency distributions with equal means but different variances

UNIT IX: PROBABILITY

  • Introduction
  • Random Experiments and Events
  • Classical definition of probability
  • Axiomatic approach and addition theorem of probability
  • Independent and Dependent events
  • Conditional Probability
  • Multiplication Theorem1 and Baye’s Theorem

UNIT X: RANDOM VARIABLES AND PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

  • Introduction
  • Random Variables
  • Theoretical discrete distributions Binomial and Poisson distributions

MATHEMATICS - II(B)

UNIT I: CIRCLE

  • Introduction
  • Equation of a circle, standard form, centre and radius
  • Position of a point in the plane of a circle Definition of a tangent
  • Position of a straight line in the plane of a circle condition for a line to be tangent
  • Chord of contact and polar
  • Relative Positions of two circles

UNIT II: SYSTEM OF CIRCLES

  • Introduction
  • Angle between two intersecting circles
  • Radical axis of two circles

UNIT III: PARABOLA

UNIT IV: ELLIPSE

UNIT V: HYPERBOLA

UNIT VI: INTEGRATION

  • Introduction
  • Integration as the inverse process of differentiation, standard forms and properties of integrals
  • Method of substitution-Integration of algebraic, exponential, logarithmic, trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions-Integration by parts
  • Integration by the method of substitution-Integration of algebraic and trigonometric functions
  • Integration by parts-Integration of exponential, logarithmic and inverse trigonometric functions
  • Integration- Partial fractions method
  • Reduction formulae

UNIT VII: DEFINITE INTEGRALS

  • Introduction
  • Define Integral as the limit of sum
  • Interpretation of definite integral as an area
  • The Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus
  • Properties, Reduction Formulae
  • Applications of definite integral to areas

UNIT VIII: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

  • Introduction
  • Formation of differential equations-Degree and order of an ordinary differential Equation
  • Solving Differential Equations
  • Variables separable method
  • Homogenous Differential Equation
  • Non-Homogeneous Different Equations
  • Linear Differential Equations

BIOLOGY-XI

BOTANY

UNIT I: DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD

  • The Living World
  • Biological Classification
  • Science of Plants - Botany
  • Plant Kingdom

UNIT II: STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN PLANTS –MORPHOLOGY

  • Morphology of Flowering Plants

UNIT III: REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS

  • Mode of Reproduction
  • Sexual Reproduction in Flowering plants

UNIT IV: PLANT SYSTEMATIC

  • Texonomy of Angiosperms

UNIT V: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS

  • The Unit of Life
  • Biomolecules
  • Cell Cycle and Cell Division

UNIT VI: INTERNAL ORGANIZATION OF PLANTS

  • Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants

UNIT VII: PLANT ECOLOGY

  • Ecological Adaptation
  • Succession and Ecological Services.

ZOOLOGY

UNIT I: DIVERSITY OF LIVING WORLD

  • What is Life?
  • Nature
  • Scope and Meaning of Zoology
  • Branches of Zoology
  • Need for Classification
  • Biological Classification
  • Levels and Hierarchy of Classification
  • Nomenclature
  • Species Concept
  • Kingdom: Animalia
  • Biodiversity

UNIT II: STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS

  • Levels of Organisation
  • Importance of Symmetry
  • Coelom
  • Animal Tissues

UNIT III: ANIMAL DIVERSITY - I (INVERTEBRATE PHYLA)

  • Phylum - Porifera
  • Phylum - Cnidaria
  • Phylum - Ctenophora
  • Phylum - Platyhelminthes
  • Phylum - nematode
  • Phylum - Annelida
  • Phylum - Arthropoda
  • Phylum - Mollusca
  • Phylum - Echinodermata
  • Phylum - Hemichordata

UNIT IV: ANIMAL DIVERSITY - II (CHORDATA PHYLUM )

  • Phylum-Chordata
  • Subphylum- Urochordata or Tunicata
  • Subphylum-Cephalochordata
  • Subphylum-Vertebrata/Craniata
  • Super Class: Agnatha
  • Super Class : Gnathostomata
  • Terapoda

UNIT V: LOCOMOTION AND REPRODUCTION

  • Locomotion in Protozoa
  • Flagellar and Ciliary movement
  • Asexual Reproduction
  • Sexual Reproduction

UNIT VI: BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE

  • Parasitism and parasitic adaptations
  • Health and Disease
  • Brief Account of some other Diseases
  • Tobacco, Drugs and Alcohol abuse (TDA Abuse)

UNIT VII: PERIPLANETA AMERICANA (COCKROACH)

  • Habitat and Habits
  • External Features (Morphology)
  • Locomotion, Digestive system
  • Circulatory System
  • Respiratory System
  • Excretory System
  • Nervous System and Sense organs
  • Reproductive System

UNIT VIII: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

  • Organisms and Environment, Ecosystem - Elementary Aspects
  • Population Interactions
  • Ecosystems and Their Components
  • Food Chains
  • Food Web
  • Productivity and Energy Flo
  • Nutrient Cycles
  • Population
  • Environmental Issues

BIOLOGY-XII

BOTANY

UNIT I: HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - I

  • Transport in Plants
  • Mineral Nutrition
  • Enzymes
  • Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
  • Respiration in Plants
  • Plant Growth and Development

UNIT II: MICROBIOLOGY

  • Bacteria
  • Viruses

UNIT III: GENETICS

  • Principles of Inheritance and Variation

UNIT IV: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

  • Molecular Basis of Inheritance

UNIT V: BIOTECHNOLOGY

  • Biotechnology Principles and Process
  • Biotechnology and it’s applications

UNIT VI: PLANTS, MICROBES AND HUMAN WELFARE

  • Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
  • Microbes in Human Welfare

ZOOLOGY

UNIT I: HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - I

  • Digestion and Absorption
  • Breathing and Exchange of Gases

UNIT II: HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - II

  • Body Fluids and Circulation
  • Excretory Products and their Elimination

UNIT III: HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - III

  • Musculo - Skeletal System
  • Neuronal Control and Coordination

UNIT IV: HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - IV

  • Endocrine System and Chemical Coordination
  • Immune System

UNIT V: HUMAN REPRODUCTION

  • Human Reproductive System
  • Reproductive Health

UNIT VI: GENETICS

UNIT VII: ORGANIC EVOLUTION

UNIT VIII: APPLIED BIOLOGY

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