Karanatka Board
PHYSICS-XI
CHAPTER I: UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS
- Units of measurements
- System of Units
- S I Units
- Fundamental and Derived units
- Least count
- Significant figures
- Errors in measurements
- Dimensions of Physics quantities
- Dimensional analysis and its applications
CHAPTER II: MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE
- The frame of reference
- Motion in a straight line
- Position- time graph
- Speed and velocity
- Uniform and non-uniform motion
- Average speed and instantaneous velocity
- Uniformly accelerated motion
- Velocity-time
- Position-time graph
- Relations for uniformly accelerated motion-
CHAPTER III: MOTION IN A PLANE
- Scalars and Vectors
- Vector Addition and Subtraction
- Scalar and vector products
- Unit Vector
- Resolution of a Vector
- Relative Velocity
- Motion in a plane
- Projectile Motion
- Uniform Circular Motion
CHAPTER IV: LAWS OF MOTION
- Force and inertia
- Newton’s First law of motion: Momentum
- Newton’s First law of motion: Newton’s Second Law of motion
- Impulses: Newton’s Third Law of motion
- Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications
- Equilibrium of concurrent forces
- Static and Kinetic friction
- Laws of friction
- Rolling friction
- Dynamics of uniform circular motion
- Centripetal force
- Examples of circular motion (vehicle on level circular road, vehicle on banked road)
CHAPTER V: WORK, ENERGY AND POWER
- Work done by a constant force and a variable force;
- Kinetic and potential energies
- Work-energy theorem
- Power
- The potential energy of spring conservation of mechanical energy
- Conservative and non-conservative forces
- Motion in a vertical circle
- Elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions
CHAPTER VI: SYSTEM OF PARTICLES AND ROTATIONAL MOTION
- Centre of the mass of a two-particle system
- Centre of the mass of a rigid body
- Basic concepts of rotational motion
- Moment of a force
- Torque
- Angular momentum
- Conservation of angular momentum and its applications
- The moment of inertia
- The radius of gyration
- Values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects
- Parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications
- Equilibrium of rigid bodies
- Rigid body rotation and equations of rotational motion
- Comparison of linear and rotational motions
- Moment of inertia
- Radius of gyration
- Values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects (no derivation)
- Statement of parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications
CHAPTER VII: GRAVITATION
- The universal law of gravitation
- Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth
- Kepler’s law of planetary motion
- Gravitational potential energy
- Gravitational potential
- Escape velocity
- Motion of a satellite
- Orbital velocity
- Time period and energy of satellite
CHAPTER VIII: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS
- Elastic behaviour
- Stress-strain relationship
- Hooke’s Law
- Young’s modulus
- Bulk modulus
- Modulus of rigidity
- Poisson’s ratio
- Elastic energy
CHAPTER XI: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
- Pressure due to a fluid column
- Pascal’s law and its applications
- Effect of gravity on fluid pressure
- Viscosity
- Stokes’ law
- Terminal velocity
- Streamline
- Turbulent flow
- Critical velocity
- Bernoulli’s principle and its applications
- Surface energy and surface tension
- Excess of pressure across a curved surface
- Angle of contact
- Application of surface tension - drops, bubbles, and
- Capillary rise
CHAPTER X: THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER
- Heat
- Temperature
- Thermal expansion
- Specific heat capacity
- Calorimetry
- Change of state
- Latent heat
- Heat tansfer conduction
- Convection and radiation
- Thermal conductivity
- Qualitative ideas of Blackbody radiation
- Wein’s displacement Law
- Stefan’s law
- Greenhouse effect
CHAPTER XI: THERMODYNAMICS
- Thermal equilibrium
- Zeroth law of thermodynamics
- The concept of temperature. Heat, work, and internal energy
- The first law of thermodynamics
- Isothermal and adiabatic processes
- The second law of thermodynamics
- Reversible and irreversible processes
- Heat engine and refrigerator
CHAPTER XII: KINETIC THEORY
- Equation of state of a perfect gas
- Work done on compressing a gas
- Kinetic theory of gases - assumptions
- The concept of pressure
- Kinetic interpretation of temperature
- RMS speed of gas molecules
- Degrees of freedom
- Law of equipartition of energy
- Applications to specific heat capacities of gases
- Mean free path
- Avogadro’s number
CHAPTER XIII: OSCILLATIONS
- Oscillations and periodic motion - time period
- Oscillations and periodic motion -frequency
- Oscillations and periodic motion - displacement as a function of time
- Periodic functions
- Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and its equation’s phase
- Oscillations of a spring -restoring force and force constant: energy in S.H.M
- Kinetic and potential energies
- Simple pendulum - derivation of expression for its time period
CHAPTER XIV: WAVES
- Wave motion
- Longitudinal and transverse waves
- Speed of travelling wave
- Displacement relation for a progressive wave
- Principle of superposition of waves
- Reflection of waves
- Standing waves in strings and organ pipes
- Fundamental mode and harmonics- Beats
PHYSICS-XII
CHAPTER I: ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS
- Electric charges: Conservation of charge
- Coulomb’s law forces between two point charges
- Forces between multiple charges: superposition principle and continuous charge distribution
- Electric Field
- Electric Field Lines
- Electric Flux
- Electric Dipole
- Dipole in a Uniform External Field
- Gauss’s Law
- Applications of Gauss’s Law
- Field due to infinitely long straight uniformly charged wire
- Field due to uniformly charged infinite plane sheet
CHAPTER II: ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE
- Electric field
- Electric field due to a point charge
- Electric field lines
- Electric dipole
- Electric field due to a dipole
- Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field
- Electric flux
- Gauss’s law
- Its applications to find field due to infnitely long uniformly charged straight wire
- Uniformly charged infinite plane sheet
- Uniformly charged thin spherical shell
- Electric potential and its calculation for a point charge
- Electric dipole and system of charges
- Potential difference
- Equipotential surfaces
- Electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field
- Conductors and insulators
- Dielectrics and electric polarization
- Capacitors and capacitances
- The combination of capacitors in series and parallel
- Tapacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates
- Energy stored in a capacitor
CHAPTER III: CURRENT ELECTRICITY
- Electric current
- Drift velocity
- Mobility and their relation with electric current
- Ohm’s law
- Electrical resistance
- V-I characteristics of ohmic and non-ohmic conductors
- Electrical energy and power
- Electrical resistivity and conductivity
- Series and parallel combinations of resistors
- Temperature dependence of resistance
- Internal resistance
- Potential difference and emf of a cell
- A combination of cells in series and parallel
- Kirchhoffs raws and their applications
- Wheatstone bridge
- Metre Bridge
- Potentiometer - principle and its applications to measure potential difference and for comparing EMF of two cells
- Measurement of internal resistance of a cell
CHAPTER IV: MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM
- Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop
- Ampere’s law
- Its applications to infinitely long current carrying straight wire and solenoid
- Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields
- Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field
- The force between two parallel currents carrying conductors-definition of ampere
- Torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field: Moving coil galvanometer
- Torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field: its sensitivity
- Conversion to ammeter and voltmeter
CHAPTER V: MAGNETISM AND MATTER
- Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment
- Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid
- Magnetic field lines
- Magnetic field due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis
- Torque on a magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field
- Para- , dia and ferromagnetic substances with examples
- Effect of temperature on magnetic properties
- Electromagnets and factors affecting their strengths
- Permanent magnets
CHAPTER VI: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
- Electromagnetic induction: Faraday’s law
- Induced emf and current
- Lenz’s Law
- Eddy currents
- Self and mutual inductance
CHAPTER VII: ALTERNATING CURRENT
- Alternating currents
- Peak and RMS value of alternating current/ voltage: reactance and impedance
- LCR series circuit
- Resonance
- Power in AC circuits
- Wattless current
- AC generator
- Transformer
CHAPTER VIII: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
- Displacement current
- Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics
- Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves
- Electromagnetic spectrum(radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet. X-rays. Gamma rays)
- Applications of e.m. waves
CHAPTER IX: RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
- Ray Optics
- Reflection of light
- Spherical mirrors
- Mirror formula
- Refraction of light at plane and spherical surfaces
- Thin lens formula
- Lens maker formula
- Total internal reflection and its applications
- Magnification
- Power of a Lens
- Combination of thin lenses in contact
- Refraction of light through a prism
- Microscope and Astronomical Telescope (reflecting and refracting ) and their magnifying powers
CHAPTER X: WAVE OPTICS
- Wave optics: wavefront and Huygens’ principle
- Laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens principle
- Interference
- Young’s double-slit experiment and expression for fringe width
- Coherent sources
- Sustained interference of light
- Diffraction due to a single slit
- Width of central maximum
- Polarization
- Plane-polarized light
- Brewster’s law
- Uses of plane-polarized light and Polaroid
CHAPTER XI: DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER
- Dual nature of radiation
- Photoelectric effect
- Hertz and Lenard’s observations
- Einstein’s photoelectric equation: particle nature of light
- Matter waves-wave nature of particle
- De Broglie relation
- Davisson-Germer experiment (experimental details should be omitted
- Only conclusion should be explained)
CHAPTER XII: ATOMS
- Alpha-particle scattering experiment
- Rutherford’s model of atom
- Bohr model
- Energy level’s hydrogen spectrum
- De Broglie’s Explanation of Bohr’s Secon d Postulate of Quantisation
CHAPTER XIII: NUCLEI
- Composition and size of nucleus
- Atomic masses
- Mass-energy relation
- Mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number
- Nuclear fission
- Fusion
CHAPTER XIV: SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS: MATERIALS, DEVICES AND SIMPLE CIRCUITS
- Semiconductors
- Semiconductor diode: I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias,diode as a rectifier
- I-V characteristics of LED
- The photodiode
- Solar cell and Zener diode
- Zener diode as a voltage regulator
- Junction transistor
- Transistor action
- Characteristics of transistor
- Transistor as an amplifier (CE configuration) basic idea of analog and digital signals
- Logic gates (OR. AND. NOT. NAND and NOR)
CHEMISTRY-XI
UNIT I: SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY
- Matter and its nature
- Dalton’s atomic theory
- Concept of atom
- Molecule
- Element and compound: Laws of chemical combination
- Atomic and molecular masses
- Mole concept
- Molar mass
- Percentage composition
- Empirical and molecular formulae
- Chemical equations and stoichiometry
UNIT II: STRUCTURE OF ATOM
- Discovery of Electron, Proton and Neutron, atomic number, isotopes and isobars
- Thomson’s model and its limitations
- Rutherford’s model and its limitations, Bohr’s model and its limitations
- Nature of electromagnetic radiation
- Photoelectric effect
- Spectrum of the hydrogen atom
- Bohr model of a hydrogen atom - its postulates
- Derivation of the relations for the energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits
- Limitations of Bohr’s model
- Dual nature of matter
- de Broglie’s relationship
- Heisenberg uncertainty principle
- Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics
- Quantum mechanics
- The quantum mechanical model of the atom
- Its important features
- Concept of atomic orbitals as one-electron wave functions: Variation of 𝚿 and 𝚿2 with r for ls and 2s orbitals
- Various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum, and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance
- Shapes of s, p, and d - orbitals
- Electron spin and spin quantum number
- Rules for filling electrons in orbitals - Aufbau principle
- Pauli’s exclusion principle and Hund’s rule
- Electronic configuration of elements, Extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals’
- Extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals’
UNIT III: CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES
- Significance of classification
- Modem periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p, d and f block elements
- Periodic trends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states, and chemical reactivity
UNIT IV: CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
- Kossel - Lewis approach to chemical bond formation
- The concept of ionic and covalent bonds
- Ionic Bonding: Formation of ionic bonds
- Factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds
- Calculation of lattice enthalpy
- Covalent Bonding
- Concept of electronegativity
- Fajan’s rule
- Dipole moment
- Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory and shapes of simple molecules
- Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding: Valence bond theory - its important features
- The concept of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals
- Resonance
- Molecular orbital Theory - Its important features
- Molecular orbital Theory - LCAOs
- Molecular orbital Theory - Types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding)
- Molecular orbital Theory - sigma and pi-bonds
- Molecular orbital Theory - Molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules
- Molecular orbital Theory - The concept of bond order, bond length, and bond energy
- Elementary idea of metallic bonding
- Hydrogen bonding and its application
UNIT V: THERMODYNAMICS
- Fundamentals of thermodynamics: system and surroundings
- Fundamentals of thermodynamics:extensive and intensive properties
- Fundamentals of thermodynamics: state functions
- Fundamentals of thermodynamics: types of processes
- The first law of thermodynamics
- Concept of work
- Heat internal energy
- Enthalpy
- Heat capacity
- Molar heat capacity
- Hess’s laws of constant heat summation
- Enthalpies of bond dissociation
- Combustion formation
- Atomization
- Sublimation
- Phase transition
- Hydration
- Ionization and solution
- The second law of thermodynamics - Spontaneity of processes: ΔS of the universe and ΔG of the system as criteria for spontaneity
- ΔG° (Standard Gibbs energy change)
- Equiliribrium constant
UNIT VI: EQUILIBRIUM
- Meaning of equilibrium
- The concept of dynamic equilibrium
- Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid-liquid, liquid - gas and solid-gas equilibria
- Henry’s law
- General characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes
- Equilibrium involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium
- Equilibrium constants (KP and KC) and their significance
- The significance of ΔG and ΔG° in chemical equilibrium
- Factors affecting equilibrium - concentration, pressure
- Temperature
- The effect of catalyst
- Le Chatelier’s principle
- Ionic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes
- Ionic equilibrium: ionization of electrolytes
- Ionic equilibrium: various concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius, Bronsted - Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization
- Ionic equilibrium: acid-base equilibria (including multistage ionization)
- Ionization constants
- Ionization of water
- pH scale
- Common ion effect
- Hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions
- The solubility of sparingly soluble salts
- Solubility products
- Buffer solutions
UNIT VII: REDOX REACTIONS
- Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction
- Redox reactions
- Oxidation number
- Rules for assigning oxidation number
- Balancing of redox reactions
- Electrolytic and metallic conduction
- Conductance in electrolytic solutions
- Molar conductivities and their variation with concentration
- Kohlrausch’s law and its applications
- Electrochemical cells
- Electrolytic
- Galvanic cells
- Different types of electrodes
- Electrode potentials including standard electrode potential
- Half-cell and cell reactions
- Emf of a Galvanic cell and its measurement
- Nernst equation and its applications
- Relationship between cell potential and Gibbs’ energy change
- Dry cell and lead accumulator
- Fuel cells
UNIT VIII: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES
- Tetravalency of carbon: Shapes of simple molecules - hybridization (s and p)
- Classification of organic compounds based on functional groups: and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulphurHomologous series
- Homologous series
- Isomerism
- Structural and stereoisomerism
- Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC)
- Covalent bond fission - Homolytic and heterolytic: free radicals, carbocations, and carbanions; stability of earbocations
- Free radicals, electrophiles, and nucleophiles
- Electronic displacement in a covalent bond - Inductive effect, electromeric effect
- Resonance and hyperconjugation
- Common types of organic reactions - Substitution
- Common types of organic reactions - addition
- Common types of organic reactions - elimination
- Common types of organic reactions - rearrangement
UNIT IX: HYDROCARBONS
- Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties, and reactions
- Classification
- Isomerism
- IUPAC nomenclature
- General methods of preparation
- Properties and reactions
- Alkanes - Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane) Mechanism of halogenation of alkanes
- Alkenes - Geometrical isomerism: Mechanism of electrophilic addition
- Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoffs and peroxide effect)
- Ozonolysis and polymerization
- Alkynes - Acidic character: Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, and hydrogen halides: Polymerization
- Aromatic hydrocarbons - Nomenclature
- Benzene - structure and aromaticity
- Mechanism of electrophilic substitution
- Mechanism of halogenationn
- Mechanism of nitration
- Friedel - Craft’s alkylation and acylation
- Friedel - directive influence of the functional group in monosubstituted benzene
CHEMISTRY-XII
UNIT I: SOLUTIONS
- Different methods for expressing the concentration of solution - molality
- Different methods for expressing the concentration of solution - molarity
- Different methods for expressing the concentration of solution - mole fraction
- Different methods for expressing the concentration of solution - percentage (by volume and mass both)
- The vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult’s law
- Ideal and non-ideal solutions, vapour pressure - composition, plots for ideal and non-ideal solutions
- Colligative properties of dilute solutions -a relative lowering of vapour pressure
- Depression of mass freezing point
- The elevation of boiling point
- Osmotic pressure
- Determination of molecular mass using colligative properties;
- Abnormal value of molar mass
- Van’t Hoff factor and its significance
UNIT II: ELECTROCHEMISTRY
- Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction
- Redox reactions
- Oxidation number
- Rules for assigning oxidation number
- Balancing of redox reactions
- Electrolytic and metallic conduction
- Conductance in electrolytic solutions
- Molar conductivities and their variation with concentration
- Kohlrausch’s law and its applications
- Electrochemical cells
- Electrolytic
- Galvanic cells
- Different types of electrodes
- Electrode potentials including standard electrode potential
- Half-cell and cell reactions
- Emf of a Galvanic cell and its measurement
- Nernst equation and its applications
- Relationship between cell potential and Gibbs’ energy change
- Dry cell and lead accumulator
- Fuel cells
UNIT III: CHEMICAL KINETICS
- Rate of a chemical reaction
- Factors affecting the rate of reactions: concentration
- Factors affecting the rate of reactions: Temperature
- Factors affecting the rate of reactions: Pressure
- Factors affecting the rate of reactions: Catalyst
- Elementary and complex reactions
- Order and molecularity of reactions
- Rate law
- Rate constant and its units
- Differential and integral forms of zero and first-order reactions
- Their characteristics and half-lives
- The effect of temperature on the rate of reactions
- Arrhenius theory
- Activation energy and its calculation
- Collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation)
UNIT IV: d - and f- BLOCK ELEMENTS
- Transition Elements General introduction
- Electronic configuration
- Occurrence
- Characteristics
- General trends in properties of the first-row transition elements - physical properties
- General trends in properties of the first-row transition elements - ionization enthalpy
- General trends in properties of the first-row transition elements - oxidation states
- Atomic radii
- Colour
- Catalytic behaviour
- Magnetic properties
- Complex formation
- Interstitial compounds
- Alloy formation
- Preparation, properties, and uses of K2CrO7
- Preparation, properties, and uses of KMnO4
- Lanthanoids - Electronic configuration
- Lanthanoids - oxidation states
- Lanthanoids - chemical reactivity
- Lanthanoids - lanthanoid contraction and its consequences
- Actinoids - Electronic configuration
- Actinoids - oxidation states
- Actinoids - chemical reactivity
- Actinoids - lanthanoid contraction and its consequences
UNIT V: COORDINATION COMPOUNDS
- Introduction to coordination compounds
- Werner’s theory
- Ligands
- Co-ordination number
- Denticity
- Chelation
- IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear co-ordination compounds
- Isomerism
- Bonding-Valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory
- Colour and magnetic properties
- Importance of co-ordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and in biological systems)
UNIT VI: HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES
- General methods of preparation, properties, and reactions
- Nature of C-X bond
- Mechanisms of substitution reactions
- Uses
- Environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform, freons, and DDT
UNIT VII: ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS
- General methods of preparation, properties, reactions, and uses
- Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols: mechanism of dehydration
- Phenols: Acidic nature
- Electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation
- Nitration and sulphonation. Reimer - Tiemann reaction
- Reimer - Tiemann reaction
- Ethers: Structure
UNIT VIII: ALDEHYDES, KETONES AND CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
- General methods of preparation, properties, reactions, and uses
- Aldehyde and Ketones
- Nature of carbonyl group
- Nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones
- Important reactions such as - Nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN, NH3, and its derivatives)
- Grignard reagent
- Oxidation
- Reduction (Wolf Kishner and Clemmensen)
- The acidity of α-hydrogen
- Aldol condensation
- Cannizzaro reaction
- Haloform reaction
- Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones
- Carboxylic Acids Acidic strength and factors affecting it
UNIT IX: AMINES
- Amines: Nomenclature
- Amines: classification structure
- Amines: basic character
- Amines: identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines
- Amines: their basic character
- Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry
UNIT X: BIOMOLECULES
- General introduction and importance of biomolecules
- CARBOHYDRATES - Classification; aldoses and ketoses: monosaccharides (glucose and fructose)
- Constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, and maltose)
- PROTEINS - Elementary Idea of α-amino acids
- peptide bond, polypeptides
- Proteins:primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only)
- Denaturation of proteins
- enzymes
- VITAMINS — Classification and functions
- NUCLEIC ACIDS - Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA
- Biological functions of nucleic acids
- Hormones (General introduction)
MATHEMATICS-XI
CHAPTER I: SETS
- Sets and their representation: Union
- Sets and their representation: intersection
- Sets and their representation: complement of sets
- Sets and their representation: Power set
- Algebraic properties of sets
CHAPTER II: RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS
- Relation
- Ordered pairs
- Cartesian product of sets
- Number of elements in the Cartesian product of two finite sets
- Cartesian product of the set of reals with itself (upto R x R x R)
- Definition of relation
- Pictorial diagrams, domain, co-domain and range of a relation
- Function as a special type of relation
- One-one, into and onto functions
- The composition of functions
- Pictorial representation of a function, domain, co-domain and range of a function
- Real valued functions, domain and range of these functions, constant, identity, polynomial, rational, modulus, signum, exponential, logarithmic and greatest integer functions, with their graphs
- Sum, difference, product and quotients of functions
CHAPTER III: TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
- Positive and negative angles
- Measuring angles in radians and in degrees and conversion from one measure to another
- Definition of trigonometric functions with the help of unit circle
- Truth of the identity sin 2x + cos 2x = 1 , for all x
- Signs of trigonometric functions
- Domain and range of trigonometric functions and their graphs
- Expressing sin (x±y) and cos (x±y) in terms of sin x , sin y ,cos x & cos y and their simple applications
- Deducing identities like the following: tan(x ± y) = tan x ± tan y / 1 ± tan x tan y , cot(x ± y) = cot x cot y ± 1 / cot y ± cot x sin α ± sin β = 2sin(½(α ± β))cos(½(α ∓ β)) cos α + cos β = 2cos(½(α + β))cos(½(α − β)) cos α − cos β = −2sin(½(α + β))sin(½(α − β)) Identities related to sin 2x , cos 2x ,tan 2x ,sin 3x ,cos 3x and tan 3x
- General solution of trigonometric equations of the type sin y = sin a , cos y = cos a and tan y = tan a
- Trigonometrical identities and trigonometrical functions
- Inverse trigonometrical functions
- Properties of inverse trigonometrical functions
CHAPTER IV: COMPLEX NUMBERS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
- Introduction to Complex Numbers
- Complex numbers as ordered pairs of reals
- Representation of complex numbers in the form a + ib and their representation in a plane, modulus
- Algebra of complex number
- Argand diagram, and argument (or amplitude) of a complex number
- Quadratic equations in real system and their solutions
- Relations between roots and co-efficient, nature of roots
- The formation of quadratic equations with given roots
CHAPTER V: LINEAR INEQUALITIES
- Linear inequalities
- Algebraic solutions of linear inequalities in one variable and their representation on the number line
- Graphical solution of linear inequalities in two variables
- Graphical method of finding a solution of system of linear inequalities in two variables
CHAPTER VI: PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS
- The fundamental principle of counting
- Permutation as an arrangement and combination as selection, Meaning of P (n,r) and C (n,r)
- Simple applications
CHAPTER VII: BINOMIAL THEOREM
- Binomial theorem for a positive integral index
- General term and middle term
- Simple applications
CHAPTER VIII: SEQUENCE AND SERIES
- Arithmetic and Geometric progressions
- Insertion of arithmetic means between two given numbers
- Geometric means between two given numbers
- Relation between A.M and G.M
CHAPTER IX: STRAIGHT LINES
- Various forms of equations of a line
- Angles between two lines
- Intersection of lines
- Conditions for concurrence of three lines
- The distance of a point from a line
- Co-ordinate of the centroid, orthocentre, and circumcentre of a triangle
CHAPTER X: CONIC SECTIONS
- A standard form of equations of a circle
- The general form of the equation of a circle, its radius
- Central equation of a circle when the endpoints of a diameter are given
- Points of intersection of a line and a circle with the centre at the origin
- Sections of conics, equations of parabola in standard form
- Equations of ellipse in standard forms
- Equations of hyperbola in standard forms
CHAPTER XI: INTRODUCTION TO THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
- Coordinates of a point in space
- Directions ratios and direction cosines
- The angle between two intersecting lines
- The distance between two points, section formula
- Skew lines
- The shortest distance between them Skew lines
- The shortest distance between them, and its equation
- Equations of a line
CHAPTER XII: LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES
- Functions
- Algebra of functions
- Rational
- Graphs of simple functions
- Polynomial function
- Trigonometric function
- Inverse function
- Limits
- Continuity and differentiability
- Differentiation of the sum, difference, product, and quotient of two functions
- Differentiation of trigonometric functions
- Logarithmic Functions & its Derivatives
- Differentiation of Exponential
- Inverse trigonometric
- Implicit functions
- Differentiation of composite function
- Derivatives of order up to two
- Rate of change of quantities
- Applications of derivatives
- Increasing and decreasing functions
- Maxima and minima of functions of one variable
CHAPTER XIII: STATISTICS
- Measures of discretion;calculation of mean, median, mode of grouped and ungrouped data , mean deviation for grouped and ungrouped data
- Calculation of standard deviation, variance, for grouped and ungrouped data
- Analysis of frequency distributions with equal means but different variances
CHAPTER XIV: PROBABILITY
- Probability of an event
- Addition theorems of probability
- Multiplication theorems of probability
- Baye’s theorem, probability distribution of a random variate
MATHEMATICS-XII
CHAPTER I: RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
- Relation
- Type of relations, equivalence relations
- One to one and onto functions, composition functions
- Inverse of a function, Binary operations
CHAPTER II: INVERSE TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS
- Definition, range, domain, principal value branches
- Graphs of inverse trigonometric functions
- Properties of inverse trigonometrical functions
CHAPTER III: MATRICES
- Concept, notation, order, equality, types of matrices, zero matrix, transpose of a matrix, symmetric and skew symmetric matrices
- Addition, multiplication and scalar multiplication of matrices, simple properties of addition, multiplication and scalar multiplication
- Non-commutativity of multiplication of matrices and existence of non-zero matrices whose product is the zero matrix (restrict to square matrices of order 2)
- Concept of elementary row and column operations
- Invertible matrices and proof of the uniqueness of inverse, if it exists
CHAPTER IV: DETERMINANTS
- Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 x 3 matrices), properties of determinants, minors, cofactors and applications of determinants in finding the area of a triangle
- Adjoint and inverse of a square matrix
- Consistency, inconsistency and number of solutions of system of linear equations by examples, solving system of linear equations in two or three variables (having unique solution) using inverse of a matrix
- Cramer’s Rule and its applications
- Matrices
- Algebra of matrices
- Type of matrices
- Matrices of order two and three
- Determinants
- Evaluation of determinants
- Adjoint
- Evaluation of inverse of a square matrix using determinants
- Area of triangles using determinants
- Test of consistency
- Solution of simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables using matrices
CHAPTER V: CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY
- Functions
- Algebra of functions
- Rational
- Graphs of simple functions
- Polynomial function
- Trigonometric function
- Inverse function
- Limits
- Continuity and differentiability
- Differentiation of the sum, difference, product, and quotient of two functions
- Differentiation of trigonometric functions
- Logarithmic Functions & its Derivatives
- Differentiation of Exponential
- Inverse trigonometric
- Implicit functions
- Differentiation of composite function
- Derivatives of order up to two
- Rate of change of quantities
- Applications of derivatives
CHAPTER VI: APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVE
- Geometrical application-tangent and normal at a point
- Rolle’s theorem
- Mean value theorem and their geometrical interpretation (without proof)
- Derivative as a rate measure-introduction
- Increasing and decreasing function
- Approximation (without proof)
- Maxima and minimaintroduction of extrema and extreme values
- Maxima and minima in a closed interval
- First derivative test, second derivative test
CHAPTER VII: INTEGRATION
- Integral as an anti-derivative
- Fundamental theorem of calculus
- Fundamental integral involving algebraic, trigonometric, exponential, and logarithms functions
- Integrations by substitution
- Integration by parts and by partial fractions
- Integration using trigonometric identities
- Evaluation of simple integrals of the type ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2+𝑎2 , ∫ 𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 2 ± 𝑎2 , ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑎2− 𝑥 2 , ∫ 𝑑𝑥 √𝑎2− 𝑥 2 , ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑥2+𝑏𝑥+𝑐 ,∫ 𝑑𝑥 √𝑎𝑥2+ 𝑏𝑥+𝑐 , ∫ (𝑝𝑥+𝑞)𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑥2+𝑏𝑥+𝑐 , ∫ (𝑝𝑥+𝑞)𝑑𝑥 √𝑎𝑥2+ 𝑏𝑥+𝑐
- Evaluation of simple integrals of the type ∫ √𝑎 2 ± 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 , ∫√𝑥 2 − 𝑎 2 𝑑𝑥
- The properties of definite integrals
- Evaluation of definite integrals
- Determining areas of the regions bounded by simple curves in standard form
- Indefinite integrals-methods of integration
- Substitution method
- Integrals of the various types
- Integration by parts (reduction formulae are not expected)
- Integration by partial fraction-factors involving repeated and non-repeated linear factors
- Non-repeated quadratic factors
- Definite integral-definite integral as a limit of sum
- Fundamental theorem of integral calculus (without proof)
- Evaluation of definite integral 1 by substitution, 2 integration by parts, properties of definite integrals
CHAPTER VIII: APPLICATIONS OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL
- Area under the curve : area bounded by curve and axis (simple problems), area bounded by two curves
- Volume of solid of revolution-volume of solid obtained by revolving the area under the curve about the axis (simple problems)
CHAPTER IX: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
- Definition-differential equation, order, degree, general solution, particular solution of differential equation, formation of differential equation-formation of differential equation by eliminating arbitary constants (at most two constants)
- Solution of first order and first degree differential equation-variable separable method, homogeneous differential equation (equation reducible to homogeneous form are not expected)
- Linear differential equation
- Applications : population growth, bacterial colony growth, surface area, Newton’s laws of cooling, radioactive decay.
CHAPTER X: VECTORS ALGEBRA
- Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction of a vector
- Direction cosines/ratios of vectors
- Types of vectors (equal, unit, zero, parallel and collinear vectors)
- Position vector of a point, negative of a vector, components of a vector, addition of vectors, multiplication of a vector by a Scalar, position vector of a point dividing a line segment in a given ratio
- Scalar (dot) product of vectors, projection of a vector on a line
- Vector (cross) product of vectors
CHAPTER XI: THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
- Direction cosines/ratios of a line joining two points
- Cartesian and vector equation of a line, coplanar and skew lines, shortest distance between two lines
- Cartesian and vector equation of a plane
- Angle between (i) two lines (ii) two planes (iii) a line and a plane
- Distance of a point from a plane
- Vectors and scalars, the addition of vectors
- Components of a vector in two dimensions and threedimensional space
- Scalar products
- Vector products
- Coordinates of a point in space
- Directions ratios and direction cosines
- The angle between two intersecting lines
- The distance between two points, section formula
- Skew lines
- The shortest distance between them Skew lines
- The shortest distance between them, and its equation
- Equations of a line
CHAPTER XII: LINEAR PROGRAMMING
- Introduction
- Definition of related terminology such as constraints
- Objective function
- Optimization
- Different types of linear programming (L.P.) problems
- Mathematical formulation of L.P. problems
- Graphical method of solution for problems in two variables
- Feasible and infeasible regions
- Feasible and infeasible solutions
- Optimal feasible solutions (up to three non-trivial constraints)
CHAPTER XIII: PROBABILITY
- Multiplication theorem on probability Conditional probability
- Independent events
- Total probability
- Repeated independent (Bernoulli) trials and Binomial distribution
- Probability of an event
- Addition theorems of probability
- Multiplication theorems of probability
- Baye’s theorem, probability distribution of a random variate
BIOLOGY-XI
UNIT I: DIVERSITY OF LIVING ORGANISMS
The Living World
- What is living?
- Biodiversity
- Need for classification
- Taxonomy & Systematics
- Concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy
- Binomial nomenclature
Biological Classification
- Five kingdom classification
- Salient features and classification of Monera
- Protista and Fungi into major groups
- Lichens
- Viruses and
- Viroids
Plant Kingdom
- Salient features and classification of plants into major groups - Algae, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae and Angiospermae (salient and distinguishing features and a few examples of each category)
- Angiosperms - classification up to class, characteristic features and examples
Animal Kingdom
- Salient features and classification of animals, non-chordates up to phyla level and chordates up to class level (salient features and distinguishing features of a few examples of each category)
- (No live animals or specimen should be displayed)
UNIT II: STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS AND PLANTS
Morphology of Flowering Plants
- Morphology and modifications:Morphology of different parts of flowering plants: root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower, fruit and seed
- Description of families: Fabaceae, Solanaceae and Liliaceae (to be dealt along with the relevant experiments of the Practical Syllabus)
Anatomy of Flowering Plants
- Anatomy and functions of different tissues and tissue systems in dicots and monocots
- Secondary growth
- Anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering plants
- Tissues
Structural Organisation in Animals
- Animal tissues
- Morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems(digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive)
UNIT III: CELL: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Cell-The Unit of Life
- Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life
- Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell
- Plant cell and animal cell
- Cell membrane, cell wall,Cell envelope
- Cell organelles structure and function
- Endomembrane system-endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies
- Lysosomes
- Vacuoles
- Mitochondria
- Ribosomes
- Plastids
- Micro bodies
- Cytoskeleton
- Cilia, flagella
- Centrioles
- Nucleus-nuclear membrane, chromatin,(ultra structure and function)
- Nucleolus
Biomolecules
- Chemical constituents of living cells
- Biomolecules-structure
- Function of proteins
- Carbodydrates
- Lipids, nucleic acids
- Enzymes-types, properties, enzyme action, classification and nomenclature of anzymes
Cell Cycle and Cell Division
UNIT IV: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
- Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis as a means of Autotrophic nutrition
- Site of photosynthesis take place
- Pigments involved in Photosynthesis
- Photochemical
- Biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis
- Cyclic and non cyclic and photophosphorylation
- Chemiosmotic hypothesis
- Photorespiration C3 and C4 pathways
- Factors affecting photosynthesis
Respiration in Plants
- Respiration
- Exchange gases
- Cellular respiration-glycolysis
- Fermentation (anaerobic)
- TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic)
- Energy relations-Number of ATP molecules generated
- Amphibolic pathways
- Respiratory quotient
Plant - Growth and Development
- Plant growth and development
- Seed germination
- Phases of Plant growth and plant growth rate
- Conditions of growth, Differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation
- Sequence of developmental process in a plant cell
- Growth regulatorsauxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA
UNIT V: HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
Breathing and Exchange of Gases
- Respiratory organs in animals (recall only)
- Respiratory system in humans
- Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans-Exchange of gases
- Transport of gases
- Regulation of respiration Respiratory volumes
- Disorders related to respiration-Asthma
- Emphysema
- Occupational respiratory disorders
Body Fluids and Circulation
- Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood
- Composition of lymph and its function
- Human circulatory system-Structure of human heart
- Blood vessels
- Cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG
- Double circulation
- Regulation of cardiac activity
- Disorders of circulatory system-Hypertension
- Coronary artery disease, Angina pectoris, Heart failure
Excretory Products and their Elimination
- Modes of excretion- Ammonotelism
- Modes of excretion- ureotelism
- Modes of excretion- uricotelism
- Human excretory system-structure and fuction
- Urine formation
- Osmoregulation
- Regulation of kidney function-Renin
- Angiotensin
- Atrial Natriuretic Factor
- ADH and Diabetes insipidus
- Role of other organs in excretion
- Disorders
- Uraemia, Renal failure, Renal calculi, Nephritis
- Dialysis and artificial kidney
Locomotion and Movement
- Types of movement
- Ciliary, fiagellar, muscular
- Skeletal muscle-contractile proteins
- Muscle contraction
- Skeletal system and its functions(To be dealt with the relevant practical of Practical syllabus)
- Joints
- Disorders of muscular and skeletal system
- Myasthenia gravis, Tetany, Muscular dystrophy
- Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Gout
Neural control and Coordination
- Neuron and nerves
- Nervous system in humans central nervous system
- Peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous system
- Generation and conduction of nerve impulse
- Reflex action
- Sensory perception
- Sense organs
- Elementary structure and functions of eye and ear
Chemical Coordination and Integration
- Endocrine glands and hormones
- Human endocrine system
- Hypothalamus, Pituitary
- Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Gonads
- Mechanism of hormone action
- Role of hormones as messengers and regulators
- Hypo-and hyperactivity and related disorders
- Common disorders e.g. Dwarfism
- Cretinism
- Goiter
- Exopthalmic goiter
- Diabetes
- Addison’s disease (Note: Diseases and disorders mentioned above to be dealt in brief.)
BIOLOGY-XII
UNIT I: REPRODUCTION
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
- Flower structure
- Development of male and female gametophytes
- Pollination-types, agencies and examples
- Outbreeding devices
- Pollen-Pistil interaction
- Double fertilization
- Post fertilization events- Development of endosperm and embryo
- Development of seed and formation of fruit
- Special modes apomixis parthenocarpy, polyembryony
- Significance of seed and fruit formation
Human Reproduction
- Male and female reproductive systems
- Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary
- Gametogenesis-spermatogenesis
- Oogenesis
- Menstrual cycle
- Fertilisation
- Embryo development upto blastocyst formation
- Implantation
- Pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea)
- Parturition Lactation (Elementary idea)
Reproductive Health
- Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD)
- Birth control-Need and Methods, Contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP)
- Amniocentesis
- Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies — IV F, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea for general awareness)
UNIT II: GENETICS AND EVOLUTION
Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Heredity and variation: Mendelian Inheritance
- Deviations from Mendelism
- Incomplete dominance
- Co-dominance
- Multiple alleles
- Inheritance of blood groups
- Pleiotropy
- Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance
- Chromosome theory of inheritance
- Chromosomes and genes
- Sex determination
- In humans
- Birds
- Honey bee
- Linkage and crossing over
- Sex linked inheritance
- Haemophilia
- Colour blindness
- Mendelian disorders in humans
- Thalassemia
- Chromosomal disorders in humans
- Down’s syndrome
- Turner’s
- Klinefelter’s syndromes
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- Search for genetic material
- DNA as genetic material
- Structure of DNA
- RNA
- DNA packaging
- DNA replication
- Central dogma
- Transcription
- Genetic code
- Translation
- Gene expression and regulation- Lac Operon
- Genome and human genome project
- DNA finger printing
- Protein biosynthesis
Evolution
- Evolution: Origin of life
- Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution from Paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence
- Darwin’s contribution
- Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution
- Mechanism of evolution
- Variation (Mutation and Recombination)
- Natural Selection with examples
- Types of natural selection
- Gene flow and genetic drift
- Hardy-Weinberg’s principle
- Adaptive Radiation
- Human evolution
UNIT III: BIOLOGY AND HUMAN WELFARE
Human Health and Diseases
- Health and Disease; Pathogens
- Parasites causing human diseases
- Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis. Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm
- Dengue, chikungunya
- Basic concepts of immunology
- Vaccines
- Cancer, HIV and AIDS
- Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse
- Tobacco abuse
Microbes in Human Welfare
- Microbes in human welfare
- In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation
- As biocontrol agents and bio-fertilizers
- Antibiotics
- Production and judicious use
UNIT IV: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Biotechnology - Principles and Processes
Biotechnology and its Application
- Application of Biotechnology in health and agriculture
- Human insulin
- Vaccine production
- Gene therapy
- Genetically modified organisms-Bt crops
- Transgenic Animals
- Biosafety issues-Biopiracy and patents
UNIT V: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT
Organisms and Populations
- Organisms and environment
- Population interactions mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism
- Population attributes-growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution
Ecosystem
- Ecosystem: Patterns, components
- Productivity and decomposition
- Energy flow
- Pyramids of number, biomass, energy
BETA
