Numerical Values for Reflection of Light and Formation of Images

1. Mirror Formula (for spherical mirrors):

• Object distance (u): Typically ranges from a few centimeters to infinity (∞).
• Image distance (v): Can be positive (for real images) or negative (for virtual images).
• Focal length (f): Typically ranges from a few centimeters to a few meters.

2. Magnification (for spherical mirrors):

• Lateral magnification (m): Can be positive (enlarged image) or negative (diminished image).
• Values for lateral magnification can range from less than 1 (diminished image) to greater than 1 (enlarged image).

3. Mirror Equation:

• Relation between object distance (u), image distance (v), and focal length (f) is given by 1/u + 1/v = 1/f.

4. Laws of Reflection:

• Angles of incidence (i) and reflection (r) are typically measured in degrees and their values are equal, i.e., i = r.

5. Ray Tracing Diagrams:

• Construction of ray diagrams for spherical mirrors involves drawing incident rays parallel to the principal axis, rays through the center of curvature, and rays toward the focus.

6. Sign Conventions:

• Standard sign conventions are used for distances and heights:
• Distances are positive for real objects and negative for virtual objects.
• Heights are positive for images above the principal axis and negative for images below the principal axis.

7. Focal Length Measurements:

• The focal length of a spherical mirror can be experimentally determined using the object-image distance relationship or the thin lens equation.

8. Types of Images:

• Real images are formed by the actual convergence of reflected light rays, while virtual images appear to form behind the mirror due to the divergence of reflected rays.

Note:

These numerical values are approximate and can vary depending on the specific problem or scenario.