Shortcuts and Tricks for Numerical Problems on Locomotion and Movement:

Tips:

• Ensure that you have a good understanding of the underlying concepts and formulas relevant to locomotion and movement.

• Pay attention to the units of measurement used in the problem and ensure consistency throughout your calculations.

• For problems involving angles, convert degrees to radians if necessary (1 radian = 180/π degrees).

• Practice using dimensional analysis to check the validity of your calculations and identify any errors.

Specific Tricks and Shortcuts:

1. Muscular Contraction and Relaxation:

• To calculate force, use the formula: Force (F) = Stress (σ) x Area (A). Simply multiply the stress value (in N/cm^2) by the cross-sectional area (in cm^2) of the muscle.

2. Skeletal System:

• The human body has approximately 206 bones.
• The length of the femur (longest bone) is roughly 45-50 cm in adults.

3. Joints and Ligaments:

• The human body has approximately 360 joints.

4. Muscle Mechanics:

• To calculate mechanical advantage, use the formula: Mechanical advantage (MA) ~ Output force / Input force. This considers the ratio of the output force (load moved) to the input force (muscle force) in a lever system.
• Work can be calculated using the formula: Work (W) = Force (F) x Distance (d) by determining the distance moved by the load.
• Power can be calculated using the formula: Power (P) = Work (W) / Time (t) by dividing the work done by the time taken.

5. Gait Analysis:

• Stride length can be calculated by multiplying speed by the time for one step (1 minute / step frequency).
• To determine the percentage of time spent in stance and swing phases, consider dividing the respective time durations by the total gait cycle time and multiplying by 100.

Remember: Shortcuts and tricks should not replace a thorough understanding of the concepts involved. Use these methods as tools to enhance your problem-solving efficiency while ensuring accuracy.