Shortcut Methods and Tricks to Solve Numerical Problems on Chemical Coordination and Integration

1. Hormone Concentration:

• To calculate the number of hormone molecules in 1 mL of blood, use the formula: Molecules of hormone = Concentration (M) × Volume (L) × Avogadro’s number (6.022 × 10^23)

2. Receptor Binding:

• The probability of receptor occupancy can be estimated using the equation: Probability of binding = [Hormone] / ([Hormone] + Kd)

3. Signal Amplification:

• The amplification factor can be calculated by dividing the number of final effector molecules produced by the number of hormone molecules that initiated the signaling cascade.

4. Enzyme regulation:

• To determine an enzyme’s catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km), divide the maximum reaction velocity (Vmax) by the Michaelis constant (Km). Catalytic efficiency = Vmax / Km
• A high catalytic efficiency indicates the enzyme’s high affinity for the substrate and its effective catalytic activity.

5. Neurotransmitter Release:

• The total number of neurotransmitter molecules released can be calculated by multiplying the number of vesicles released per action potential by the number of neurotransmitter molecules per vesicle.

6. Synaptic Transmission:

• The diffusion coefficient (D) can be estimated using the equation: D = (Distance^2) / (2 × Time)

7. Endocrine regulation:

• To calculate the percentage change in BMR, use the formula: % change in BMR = [(BMR with normal hormone levels – BMR with reduced hormone levels) / BMR with normal hormone levels] × 100

8. Diabetes Mellitus:

• The amount of insulin required can be calculated using the insulin sensitivity factor. Assuming a sensitivity of 1 unit : 50 mg/dL, the insulin required is: Insulin required (units) = (Initial blood glucose level – Desired blood glucose level) / Insulin sensitivity factor

9. Adrenaline Rush:

• Calculate the percentage increase in heart rate: % increase in heart rate = [(Increased heart rate – Normal heart rate) / Normal heart rate] × 100

10. Blood Pressure Regulation: - Mean arterial pressure (MAP) can be calculated using the formula: MAP = (Systolic pressure + 2 x Diastolic pressure) / 3