Numerical:

1. Hardy-Weinberg Equation:

• Trick: Remember the basic formula: p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
• Shortcut: Calculate allele and genotype frequencies based on the given values and use the formula to determine the expected genotype frequencies.

2. Linkage Maps:

• Trick: Understand the concept of recombination frequency and its relation to genetic distance.
• Shortcut: Use the Kosambi mapping function or the Haldane mapping function for distance calculations.

3. Mutation Rates:

• Trick: Express mutation rate as the number of mutations per gene or locus per generation.
• Shortcut: If total number of mutations and the number of individuals are given, calculate mutation rate as (# mutations / total individuals).

4. Population Genetics:

• Trick: Recall concepts such as genetic drift, effective population size, and allele frequency changes over generations.
• Shortcut: Use the Wright-Fisher model for drift calculations.

5. Phylogeny and Evolutionary Trees:

• Trick: Understand the concept of genetic distance and phylogenetic trees.
• Shortcut: Use bioinformatics tools like MEGA or PAUP for tree construction.

6. DNA Evidence in Forensics:

• Trick: Remember concepts like probability and likelihood ratios.
• Shortcut: Use Bayes’ theorem to calculate probabilities and interpret profiles.

7. Paleontology:

• Trick: Know the basics of radiometric dating, stratigraphic principles, and fossil analysis.
• Shortcut: Refer to geological time scales and standard dating methods.

8. Speciation and Adaptive Radiation:

• Trick: Remember the concept of character displacement and character divergence.
• Shortcut: Use statistical software for trait analysis and visualizations.

9. Developmental Genetics:

• Trick: Know the different regulatory elements and their impact on gene expression.
• Shortcut: Use databases and literature for gene expression patterns during development.

10. Conservation Genetics:

• Trick: Understand concepts like genetic diversity, genetic drift, and effective population size.
• Shortcut: Use population genetics software or simulation models.

Tips:

• Use authentic scientific data and values from reputable sources.
• Double-check calculations to avoid errors.
• Clearly state assumptions and limitations of your numerical solutions.
• Use appropriate statistical methods and software when required.