Numerical Examples

• Biodiversity and Conservation Numerical examples-

• Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index: Given a list of species and their abundances, calculate the Shannon-Wiener diversity index using the formula $$ H’ = -\sum_{i=1}^{S} p_i \ln p_i $$ where pi is the proportion of individuals belonging to species i.

• Simpson’s Diversity Index: Given a list of species and their abundances, calculate the Simpson’s diversity index using the formula $$ D = 1 - \sum_{i=1}^{S} \left(\frac{n_i}{N}\right)^2 $$ where ni is the number of individuals belonging to species i, and N is the total number of individuals.

• Evenness: Calculate the evenness using the formula $$ E = \frac{H’}{H’{max}} $$ where H’ is the observed Shannon-Wiener diversity index, and H’{max} is the maximum possible diversity index (ln S).

• Species Richness: Simply count the number of different species in a given area or sample.

• Population Density: Calculate the population density by dividing the total number of individuals by the area or volume of the habitat.

• Quadrat Sampling: Divide the total number of individuals counted in the quadrats by the total area sampled to estimate population density.

• Population Size Estimation: Multiply the population density by the total area or volume of the habitat to estimate the total population size.

Remember, these are just a few examples, and there are various other methods and indices used in biodiversity and conservation studies depending on the specific research questions and data available.