Numerical Based on Biology In Human Welfare - Human Health And Disease

1. Malaria:

• Incubation period: 10 to 15 days.
• Life span of female Anopheles mosquito: 1 month
• Number of sporozoites infected by female Anopheles mosquito: 10 to 25.

[Trick: ] For an easy understanding, remember the incubation period of Malaria as “**10-15” which sounds like “_**ten to fifteen_”. Similarly, for the life span, remember “_**One-Month_ Life__”

2. Typhoid:

• Incubation period: 1 to 3 weeks
• Number of Salmonella typhimurium bacteria required to cause infection: 10 to 100 million
• Duration of the carrier state: 3 to 6 weeks.

[Trick: ] **For the incubation period, remember “one to three weeks like “**1-2-3””. For the number of bacteria, “**10M to 100M_” can be associated with an _" **M_" that stands for “Million”._

3. Tuberculosis:

• Incubation period: 6 weeks to 1 year.
• Infectious dose: 1 to 10 Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria
• Number of bacteria in a single tubercular granuloma: 1 billion.

[Trick: ] **The incubation period can be remembered as “6 weeks to 1 year like “**6 to 12””. For the number of bacteria in the granuloma, “**1 billion_**” can be easily associated with “**10^9”._

4. AIDS/HIV:

• Incubation period: 10-12 years
• Window Period-3-6 months
• Size of the virus: 110 nm. in diameter
• Number of HIV particles in a milliliter of semen: 10 million.

[Trick: ] **For the size of the virus, just remember it’s “**110 nm”. For the number of the virus particles, remember “**10 million_**” as “**1-Cr”._

5. Cholera:

• Incubation period: 2 to 5 days
• Volume of rice water stool produced per day: 10 to 20 liters.
• Mortality rate without treatment: 50%.

[Trick: ] **For the incubation period, 2-5 days can be remembered as “**2 3 4 5”".__**

6. Cancer:

• Number of new cancer cases per year in India: 1.1 million
• Percentage of cancer cases that are preventable: 30-50%
• Five leading causes of cancer death in India (2020);
  • Lung cancer
  • Breast cancer
  • Lip & oral cavity cancers
  • Stomach cancer
  • Colorectal cancer

7. Diabetes

• Normal blood sugar level: 70-110 mg/dL (fasting)
• Diabetic blood sugar level: >126 mg/dL (fasting)
• Prevalence of diabetes in India (2019): 8.9%.