Shortcut Methods and Tricks to Solve Aldehydes and Ketones Numericals

Boiling Points

• Aldehydes and ketones have lower boiling points than alcohols of comparable molecular mass due to weaker intermolecular forces (dipole-dipole forces).
• The boiling point of aldehydes and ketones can be estimated using the formula:

bp = 56.2 + 19.5n

where (n) is the number of carbon atoms in the molecule.

Solubility

• Aldehydes and ketones are more soluble in water than hydrocarbons due to the presence of a polar carbonyl group that can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.
• The solubility of aldehydes and ketones in water can be estimated using the formula:
• Aldehydes: solubility = 10g/L
• Ketones: solubility = 5g/L

Reactivity

• Aldehydes and ketones are more reactive than hydrocarbons due to the presence of reactive carbonyl groups that can undergo various reactions, such as nucleophilic addition and electrophilic addition.
• The reactivity of aldehydes and ketones can be estimated using the formula:
• Aldehydes: reactivity = 1
• Ketones: reactivity = 0.5

Shortcut Methods and Tricks to Solve Carboxylic Acids Numericals

Boiling Points

• Carboxylic acids have higher boiling points than aldehydes and ketones of comparable molecular mass due to stronger intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
• The boiling point of carboxylic acids can be estimated using the formula:

bp = 100 + 30n

where (n) is the number of carbon atoms in the molecule.

Solubility

• Carboxylic acids are more soluble in water than aldehydes and ketones due to the presence of a more polar carboxyl group that can form stronger hydrogen bonds with water molecules.
• The solubility of carboxylic acids in water can be estimated using the formula:

solubility = 1g/L

Reactivity

• Carboxylic acids are less reactive than aldehydes and ketones due to the less reactive carboxyl group that does not undergo nucleophilic addition as easily as the carbonyl group.
• The reactivity of carboxylic acids can be estimated using the formula:

reactivity = 0.1