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Hypoxia refers to insufficient oxygen supply to body tissues, manifesting in various types: Hypoxic Hypoxia (due to low oxygen levels in the air or high altitudes), Anemic Hypoxia (caused by reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood), Circulatory Hypoxia (resulting from poor circulation), and Histotoxic Hypoxia (when cells cannot utilize delivered oxygen due to toxins). The Oxygen Dissociation Curve depicts the relationship between blood oxygen levels (PaO2) and hemoglobin saturation (SaO2), facilitating efficient oxygen loading in the lungs and unloading in tissues. Melanin, a pigment found in skin, hair, and eyes, guards against UV radiation by absorbing and dispersing harmful rays. Apnea is characterized by temporary breathing cessation and includes types like Obstructive Sleep Apnea (due to throat muscle relaxation during sleep), Central Sleep Apnea (stemming from brain signaling issues), and Mixed Sleep Apnea (combining obstructive and central components).
