Toppers’ Notes: Physical Chemistry (NCERT 11th and 12th)

Chapter 1: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

• Physical Quantities:

• Definition

• Fundamental units

• Dimensional Analysis [Refer to NCERT 11th, Chapter 1, section 1.2]

• Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures:

• Definition and examples

• Rules for determining significant figures [Refer to NCERT 11th, Chapter 1, sections 1.3, 1.4]

• States of Matter:

• The three states of matter and their properties

• Interconversions between states

• Phase diagrams and critical phenomena [Refer to NCERT 11th, Chapter 2]

Chapter 2: Atomic Structure

• History of Atomic Models:

• Dalton’s atomic theory

• Thomson’s plum pudding model

• Rutherford’s nuclear model

• Bohr’s model [Refer to NCERT 11th, Chapter 3]

• Quantum Theory and Atomic Orbitals:

• Wave-particle duality of matter

• Heisenberg uncertainty principle

• Quantum numbers and their significance [Refer to NCERT 12th, Chapter 1]

• Electron Configuration:

• Aufbau principle

• Hund’s rule

• Electronic configurations of elements [Refer to NCERT 12th, Chapter 1]

Chapter 3: Thermodynamics

• Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics:

• Thermodynamic systems and surroundings

• Internal energy and heat

• Work and energy

• Extensive and intensive properties [Refer to NCERT 12th, Chapter 2]

• Laws of Thermodynamics:

• Zeroth law of thermodynamics

• First law of thermodynamics and conservation of energy

• Second law of thermodynamics and entropy

• Third law of thermodynamics [Refer to NCERT 12th, Chapter 2]

• Thermodynamic Processes:

• Isothermal, adiabatic, isochoric, isobaric processes

• Thermodynamic cycles and their efficiency [Refer to NCERT 12th, Chapter 2]

Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

• Types of Chemical Bonds:

• Ionic bonds

• Covalent bonds

• Metallic bonds

• Hydrogen bonds [Refer to NCERT 11th, Chapters 4, 5]

• Molecular Structure and Properties:

• Lewis structures and VSEPR theory

• Polarity of molecules

• Intermolecular forces: van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding

• Molecular geometry [Refer to NCERT 11th, Chapters 4, 5, and NCERT 12th, Chapter 1]

Chapter 5: Equilibrium

• Chemical Equilibrium:

• Concept of dynamic equilibrium

• Equilibrium constants (Kp and Kc) and their significance

• Le Chatelier’s principle [Refer to NCERT 12th, Chapter 4]

• Ionic Equilibrium:

• Dissociation of weak acids and bases

• pH and pOH calculations

• Buffer solutions and their applications [Refer to NCERT 11th, Chapter 11]

• Solubility Equilibrium:

• Solubility product constant (Ksp) and its applications

• Common-ion effect [Refer to NCERT 12th, Chapter 4]

Chapter 6: Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry

• Redox Reactions:

• Oxidation and reduction reactions

• Balancing redox equations

• Electrochemical cells and their components [Refer to NCERT 11th, Chapters 8 and 12]

• Electrochemistry:

• Electrode potentials and standard electrode potentials

• Nernst equation and its applications

• Electrolysis and its applications [Refer to NCERT 12th, Chapter 3]