Recombinant DNA Technology

• Reference: NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 12

• Basics of Genetic Engineering and Manipulation:

  • Introduction to genetic engineering and its applications
  • Methods of gene manipulation: transformation, conjugation, transduction

• Restriction Enzymes, DNA Ligase, and Vectors:

  • Structure and properties of restriction enzymes
  • DNA ligase and its role in DNA recombination
  • Types of vectors: plasmids, bacteriophages, cosmids

• Gene Cloning and Expression using Suitable Vectors:

  • Steps involved in gene cloning: isolation, insertion, transformation, selection
  • Expression vectors and their components (promoters, enhancers, terminators)

• Southern Blotting, Northern Blotting, and Western Blotting Techniques:

  • Southern blotting for DNA analysis
  • Northern blotting for RNA analysis
  • Western blotting for protein analysis

• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and its Applications:

  • Basics of PCR and its components (DNA template, primers, DNA polymerase)
  • Different types of PCR: standard PCR, multiplex PCR, real-time PCR
  • Applications of PCR in diagnostics, genotyping, and genetic engineering

Gene Regulation and Expression

• Reference: NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 6

• Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Gene Expression:

  • Transcription and translation processes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
  • Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression

• Transcription and Translation Processes:

  • Transcription: RNA synthesis using DNA template
  • Translation: Protein synthesis using mRNA template

• Role of Transcription Factors, Enhancers, and Silencers in Gene Regulation:

  • Role of transcription factors in regulating gene expression
  • Enhancers and silencers: their role in gene regulation

• Operon Concept and its Significance in Gene Regulation (lac and trp operon):

  • Concept of operon: a cluster of genes regulated together
  • lac operon: its structure, regulation, and significance
  • trp operon: its structure, regulation, and significance

Protein Structure and Function

• Reference: NCERT Biology Class 11 and Class 12, Chapter 14 and Chapter 10

• Different Levels of Protein Organization:

  • Primary structure: amino acid sequence
  • Secondary structure: alpha-helix, beta-pleated sheet
  • Tertiary structure: three-dimensional arrangement of polypeptide
  • Quaternary structure: organization of multiple polypeptide chains

• Forces Stabilizing Protein Structures: -Covalent bonds (disulfide bonds)

  • Hydrogen bonds
  • Ionic bonds
  • Van der Waals interactions

• Protein Function and its Relation to Structure (enzymes, antibodies, hormones, transport proteins):

  • Enzymes: Structure and function of enzymes
  • Antibodies: Structure and function of antibodies
  • Hormones: Structure and function of hormones
  • Transport proteins: Structure and function of transport proteins

• Enzyme Catalysis, Enzyme Kinetics, and Enzyme Inhibition:

  • Enzyme catalysis: Mechanism of enzyme action
  • Enzyme kinetics: Michaelis-Menten equation and its significance
  • Enzyme inhibition: Competitive, non-competitive, and uncompetitive inhibition

Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Applications

• Reference: NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 12

• Production of Transgenic Plants (Bt cotton, Golden rice):

  • Steps involved in transgenic plant production
  • Bt cotton: Benefits and concerns
  • Golden rice: Benefits and limitations

• Gene Therapy and its Potential Applications:

  • Types of gene therapy: somatic gene therapy, germline gene therapy
  • Potential applications of gene therapy
  • Ethical considerations in gene therapy

• Pharmaceutical Applications (Production of Insulin, Growth Hormone, Antibiotics):

  • Pharmaceutical products produced using gene technology
  • Production of insulin, growth hormone, and antibiotics
  • Advantages of gene technology in pharmaceutical production

• DNA Fingerprinting and its Applications in Forensics and Paternity Testing:

  • Basics of DNA fingerprinting and its techniques
  • Applications in forensic science and paternity testing

• Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) and their Ethical Considerations:

  • Concept of GMOs and their development
  • Potential benefits and risks of GMOs
  • Ethical considerations related to GMOs

Industrial Biotechnology

• Reference: NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 12

• Biofuels (Bioethanol, Biodiesel) and their Production Processes:

  • Types of biofuels: bioethanol, biodiesel
  • Production processes of bioethanol and biodiesel
  • Advantages and disadvantages of biofuels

• Production of Organic Acids, Solvents, and Amino Acids through Microbial Fermentation:

  • Microbial fermentation and its products (organic acids, solvents, amino acids)
  • Industrial processes involving microbial fermentation

• Enzyme Technology and its Industrial Applications:

  • Immobilized enzymes and their advantages
  • Applications of immobilized enzymes in various industries

• Bioremediation and its Significance in Environmental Cleanup:

  • Concept of bioremediation and its applications

• Role of microorganisms in bioremediation

• Environmental benefits of bioremediation

Environmental Biotechnology

• Reference: NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 13

• Biodegradation and Bioremediation of Pollutants:

• Biodegradation of pollutants by microorganisms

• Bioremediation strategies for soil and water pollution

• Phytoremediation and its Application in Removing Heavy Metals from Soil:

  • Concept of phytoremediation and its mechanisms
  • Plants used in phytoremediation and their abilities

• Microbial Leaching and its Use in Mineral Extraction:

  • Microbial leaching and its significance
  • Role of microorganisms in mineral extraction

• Waste Management and Wastewater Treatment using Microorganisms:

  • Microorganisms involved in waste management and wastewater treatment
  • Biogas production and its significance