Biotechnology and Its Applications

1. Techniques in Genetics Engineering:

• Genetic Engineering Introduction:

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 12, Section 12.1

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 6, Section 6.8

• Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology:

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 12, Section 12.2

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 6, Section 6.8.1

• Cloning vectors:

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 12, Section 12.2.2

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 6, Section 6.8.1.1

• Restriction Enzymes:

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 12, Section 12.2.3

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 6, Section 6.8.1.1.1

• Gel Electrophoresis:

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 12, Section 12.2.4

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 6, Section 6.8.1.1.2

• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR):

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 12, Section 12.2.5

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 6, Section 6.8.1.1.3

• Southern, Northern, and Western Blotting:

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 12, Section 12.2.6

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 6, Section 6.8.1.1.4

• DNA Sequencing:

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 12, Section 12.2.7

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 6, Section 6.8.1.1.5

2. Applications of Biotechnology in Crop Improvement:

• Genetically Modified (GM) crops:

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 12, Section 12.3

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 6, Section 6.8.2

• Bt cotton:

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 12, Section 12.3.2

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 6, Section 6.8.2.2

• Pest-resistant crops:

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 12, Section 12.3.3

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 6, Section 6.8.2.3

• Herbicide-resistant crops:

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 12, Section 12.3.4

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 6, Section 6.8.2.4

• Transgenic crops:

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 12, Section 12.3.5

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 6, Section 6.8.2.5

3. Applications of Biotechnology in Medicine:

• Gene therapy:

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 12, Section 12.4

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 6, Section 6.8.3

• Production of therapeutic proteins:

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 12, Section 12.4.1

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 6, Section 6.8.3.1

• Diagnosis of genetic diseases:

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 12, Section 12.4.2

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 6, Section 6.8.3.2

• Stem cell technology:

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 12, Section 12.4.3

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 6, Section 6.8.3.3

• Tissue engineering:

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 12, Section 12.4.4

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 6, Section 6.8.3.4

• Organ transplantation:

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 12, Section 12.4.5

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 6, Section 6.8.3.5

4. Applications of Biotechnology in Industry:

• Biofuels:

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 12, Section 12.5

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 6, Section 6.8.4

• Bioplastics:

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 12, Section 12.5.1

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 6, Section 6.8.4.1

• Bioremediation:

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 12, Section 12.5.2

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 6, Section 6.8.4.2

• Wastewater treatment:

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 12, Section 12.5.3

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 6, Section 6.8.4.3

• Production of chemicals and enzymes:

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 12, Section 12.5.4

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 6, Section 6.8.4.4

• Food processing and preservation:

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 12, Section 12.5.5

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 6, Section 6.8.4.5

5. Basics of Genetic Engineering:

• Principles of genetic engineering:

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 12, Section 12.6

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 6, Section 6.8.5

• Vectors and cloning strategies:

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 12, Section 12.6.1

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 6, Section 6.8.5.1

• Transformation techniques:

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 12, Section 12.6.2

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 6, Section 6.8.5.2

6. Genomics and Proteomics:

• Genome sequencing:

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 12, Section 12.7

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 6, Section 6.8.5

• Proteomics:

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 12, Section 12.7.2

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 6, Section 6.8.5.2

• Functional genomics:

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 12, Section 12.7.3

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 6, Section 6.8.5.3

7. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) in Biotechnology:

• Introduction to IPR:

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 12, Section 12.8

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 6, Section 6.8.6

• Patents, Copyrights, and Trademarks:

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 12, Section 12.8.1

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 6, Section 6.8.6.1

• Importance of IPR in biotechnology:

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 12, Section 12.8.2

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 6, Section 6.8.6.2

8. Bioethics:

• Ethical issues in biotechnology:

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 12, Section 12.9

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 6, Section 6.8.7

• Genetically modified organisms (GMOs):

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 12, Section 12.9.1

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 6, Section 6.8.7.1

• Human genetic engineering:

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 12, Section 12.9.2

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 6, Section 6.8.7.2

9. Emerging Trends in Biotechnology:

• Synthetic biology:

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 12, Section 12.10

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 6, Section 6.8.8

• CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing:

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 12, Section 12.10.2

• NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 6, Section 6.8.8.2

• Nanobio