Structural-Organizationstructural-Organization-In-Animals-4
Alimentary Canal:
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Divided into foregut, midgut, and hindgut.
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Mouth leads to pharynx, then to oesophagus.
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Crop for food storage, followed by gizzard for grinding.
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Hepatic caecae secrete digestive juices.
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Malpighian tubules in hindgut remove excretory products.
Blood Vascular System:
-Open circulatory system with poorly developed vessels.
-Haemolymph bathes organs in haemocoel.
-Heart pumps blood through chambers and ostia.
Respiratory System:
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Tracheal network delivers oxygen via spiracles.
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Tracheoles for gas exchange through diffusion.
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Spiracle openings regulated by sphincters.
Excretion:
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Malpighian tubules absorb waste, convert to uric acid.
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Uricotelic excretion (uric acid excreted through hindgut).
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Fat body, nephrocytes, and urecose glands aid excretion.
Nervous System:
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Ganglia connected by ventral longitudinal connectives.
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Brain in head region, spread throughout body.
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Sense organs include antennae, eyes, palps, anal cerci.
Reproductive System:
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Dioecious with well-developed reproductive organs.
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Male: Testes, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, gonopore.
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Female: Ovaries, ovarioles, oviducts, spermatheca, ootheca.
Life Cycle:
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Development through nymphal stages.
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Nymphs resemble adults, grow through molting.
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Adult cockroaches have wings.
Ecological Impact:
-Some species pests in human habitats.
-Contaminate food, transmit diseases through excreta.
