1. Root:

• Roots are typically underground structures that anchor the plant and absorb water and minerals from the soil.

• They may have various forms, including taproots (main root with lateral branches) or fibrous roots (thin, spreading roots).

• Root hairs are tiny structures on the root’s surface that increase its surface area for absorption.

2. Stem:

• Stems are typically above-ground structures that support leaves, flowers, and fruits.

• They may be herbaceous (soft and green) or woody (hard and brown) depending on the plant type.

• Stems often have nodes (points where leaves or branches attach) and internodes (the segments between nodes).

3. Leaf:

• Leaves are the primary sites for photosynthesis, where plants capture light energy and convert it into energy-rich sugars.

• Leaf morphology varies among species but often includes a flat, thin blade and a petiole that attaches it to the stem.

• The upper surface of leaves is usually more exposed to light, while the lower surface may have stomata for gas exchange.

4. Phyllotaxy:

• Phyllotaxy refers to the arrangement of leaves on a stem or branch.

• Common phyllotaxy patterns include alternate (one leaf per node), opposite (two leaves per node, opposite each other), and whorled (three or more leaves per node in a circular arrangement).

• Phyllotaxy patterns can help in species identification.

5. Inflorescence:

• Inflorescence refers to the arrangement of flowers on a plant.

• Different plant species have various types of inflorescences, such as racemes (unbranched, elongated clusters), panicles (branched clusters), umbels (umbrella-shaped clusters), and spikes (unbranched, closely spaced flowers).

• Inflorescence types are important in botany and can aid in classifying plants.