Transgenic Animals:

Transgenic animals are organisms that have had foreign DNA (genes) inserted into their genome, resulting in the expression of new traits or characteristics. This technology is a crucial part of genetic engineering and has various applications in biotechnology and biomedical research.

Transgenesis Steps:

1. Transgenesis Step-01: Selection of Target Gene: The first step in creating a transgenic animal involves selecting the specific gene of interest. This gene could code for a particular protein, enzyme, or trait that researchers want to introduce into the animal.

2. Transgenesis Step-02: Gene Cloning: Once the target gene is selected, it is cloned using techniques like polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This results in multiple copies of the gene, which can be used for further manipulation.

3. Transgenesis Step-03: Insertion of Target Gene: The cloned gene is then inserted into the DNA of the host animal’s genome. This can be done using various methods, such as microinjection, viral vectors, or CRISPR-Cas9 technology. The inserted gene becomes integrated into the host’s chromosomes.

Examples of Transgenic Animals:

1. GloFish: GloFish is a genetically modified zebrafish that has fluorescent genes from other species, making it glow under specific lighting conditions. These fish are used for research and as pets.

2. Oncomouse: The Oncomouse was one of the first transgenic animals created. It carries an oncogene, making it prone to developing cancer. It has been instrumental in cancer research.

3. Dolly the Sheep: Dolly was the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell. While not a transgenic animal, she demonstrated the possibilities of genetic manipulation.

4. Pharming Animals: Certain transgenic animals are used to produce pharmaceuticals in their milk, such as goats engineered to produce human antithrombin in their milk for use in treating blood clotting disorders.

Applications of Transgenic Animals:

1. Biomedical Research: Transgenic animals serve as valuable models for studying human diseases. For instance, mice can be engineered to carry genes associated with diseases like Alzheimer’s, cancer, or diabetes, allowing researchers to test potential treatments.

2. Drug Testing: Transgenic animals are used to test the safety and efficacy of new drugs and treatments before they are administered to humans.

3. Agriculture: Genetically modified livestock can be created to produce higher yields, resist diseases, or provide better quality meat or milk. Examples include GM cows that produce more milk or GM salmon that grow faster.

4. Bioreactors: Transgenic animals can be used as bioreactors to produce valuable proteins, hormones, or antibodies in their milk or blood, which can then be harvested for medical purposes.

5. Conservation: Transgenic animals can be used in conservation efforts to protect endangered species by introducing genes that enhance their survival or reproduction rates.