Transgenic Animals:

Transgenic animals are organisms that have had foreign genes, typically from another species, introduced into their genome through genetic engineering techniques. These genetically modified animals are used in scientific research to study gene function, model human diseases, and develop novel therapies. In transgenic animals, the foreign genes are integrated into their DNA, allowing researchers to investigate the effects of specific genes on an organism’s biology.

Transgenesis:

Transgenesis is the process of introducing foreign genes into the genome of an organism. This genetic modification technique is crucial in biotechnology and genetic research, enabling scientists to manipulate and study the functions of genes. In the context of transgenic animals, transgenesis involves introducing foreign DNA into the germ line cells, ensuring that the genetic modification can be passed on to the animal’s offspring.

Transgenesis: Step-01 - Gene Isolation:

The first step in transgenesis is gene isolation. Scientists identify and isolate the specific gene of interest from another organism or source. This gene is selected based on the desired outcome of the genetic modification in the transgenic animal.

Transgenesis: Step-02 - DNA Delivery:

In this step, the isolated gene is introduced into the DNA of the host organism. Various techniques can be employed for DNA delivery, such as microinjection, electroporation, or viral vectors. The goal is to integrate the foreign DNA into the host genome.

Transgenesis: Step-03 - Selection and Screening:

After introducing the foreign DNA, it’s crucial to select and screen for organisms that have successfully incorporated the gene into their genome. This step involves identifying the transgenic animals among the offspring and confirming the presence of the desired gene.

Transgenesis: Step-04 - Breeding and Maintenance:

Transgenic animals that have successfully incorporated the foreign gene are bred and maintained in controlled environments. This allows researchers to study the effects of the genetic modification and conduct experiments to better understand gene function and related biological processes.

Examples of Transgenic Animals:

1. Transgenic Mice: These animals have been widely used in biomedical research. They can be engineered to model human diseases, study gene function, and test potential treatments.

2. Transgenic Zebrafish: Zebrafish are used to study developmental biology and genetics. Their embryos are transparent, making it easier to observe gene expression and organ development.

3. Transgenic Cows: These animals have been engineered to produce milk with specific properties, such as higher protein content or pharmaceutical proteins like insulin.

4. Transgenic Pigs: Pigs have been modified to study organ transplantation compatibility (xenotransplantation) and to produce organs suitable for human transplantation.

5. Transgenic Fruit Flies (Drosophila): These tiny insects are used to study genetics and developmental biology, providing insights into various aspects of gene function.

6. Transgenic Sheep: Sheep have been genetically modified to produce human proteins in their milk, which can be harvested for therapeutic purposes.