Structural Organization-Structural Organization In Animals Topic
Structural Organization in Animals [JEE Notes]
1. Basics of Structural Organization:
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Tissues:
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Definition: A group of cells with a similar structure and function. -(4 Types of Tissues)
- Epithelial Tissue (covering and lining)
- Connective Tissue (support and protection)
- Muscular Tissue (movement and contraction)
- Nervous Tissue (coordination and regulation)
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Organs:
- Definition: A structure made up of different tissues that perform specific functions.
-(Examples of Organs)
- Heart
- Lungs
- Stomach
- Liver
- Definition: A structure made up of different tissues that perform specific functions.
-(Examples of Organs)
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Organ Systems:
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Definition: A group of organs that work together to perform a specific function. -(Major Organs Systems in Animals)
- Digestive System: Converts food into energy.
- Respiratory System: Takes in oxygen and expels carbon dioxide.
- Circulatory System: Pumps blood throughout the body.
- Excretory System: Removes waste products.
- Nervous System: Controls and coordinates the body’s activities.
- Endocrine System: Regulates the body’s functions through hormones.
- Musculoskeletal System: Provides support and movement.
2. Animal Tissues:
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Epithelium:
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Structure:
- Cells closely packed together with little extracellular material.
- Covers and lines the surfaces of organs and cavities.
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Types:
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Simple Epithelium: Single layer of cells.
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Stratified Epithelium: Multiple layers of cells.
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Glandular Epithelium: Secretes substances such as mucus or enzymes.
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Connective Tissue:
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Structure:
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Cells widely separated by an extracellular matrix.
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Types:
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Loose Connective Tissue: Loosely arranged cells in a gel-like matrix.
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Dense Connective Tissue: Tightly packed cells in a dense matrix.
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Adipose Tissue: Cells specialized to store fat.
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Cartilage: Flexible connective tissue with specialized cells called chondrocytes.
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Bone: Hard connective tissue with specialized cells called osteocytes.
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Muscle Tissue:
- Structure:
- Cells specialized for contraction.
- Contains contractile proteins actin and myosin.
- Types:
- Skeletal Muscle: Voluntary movement of bones
- Smooth Muscle: Involuntary movement of internal organs.
- Cardiac Muscle: Pumping of the heart.
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Nervous Tissue:
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Structure:
- Neurons: Specialized cells that conduct electrical signals.
- Neuroglia: Support cells that provide nutrients and protection for neurons.
3. Organ Systems and Functions
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Digestive System:
- Structure:
- Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus.
- Accessory Organs: Liver and Pancreas
- Functions:
- Breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed by the body.
- Eliminates undigested materials as waste.
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Respiratory System:
- Structure:
- Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs.
- Functions:
- Takes in oxygen from the atmosphere.
- Removes carbon dioxide from the bloodstream.
- Structure:
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Circulatory System:
- Structure:
- Heart, Blood Vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), Blood components (Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells, Platelets, Plasma)
- Functions:
- Pumps blood throughout the body.
- Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products.
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Excretory System:
- Structure:
- Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary Bladder, Urethra
- Functions:
- Removes nitrogenous waste products from the bloodstream.
- Regulates water and electrolyte balance.
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Nervous System:
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Structure:
- Central Nervous System (Brain, Spinal Cord)
- Peripheral Nervous System (Sensory neurons, Motor neurons, Autonomic Nervous System)
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Functions:
- Controls and coordinates the body’s activities.
- Receives, processes, and responds to stimuli.
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Endocrine System:
- Structure:
- Various Glands (Pituitary, Thyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, etc.)
- Functions:
- Regulates the body’s functions through hormones.
- Controls processes like growth, metabolism, reproduction.
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Musculoskeletal System:
- Structure:
- Bones, Joints, Muscles
- Functions:
- Provides support and protection for the body.
- Facilitates movement and locomotion.
- Structure:
References:
- NCERT Biology Class 11: Chapter 1 -“The Living World”
- NCERT Biology Class 11: Chapter 2-“Biological Classification”
- NCERT Biology Class 12: Chapter 3-“Human Reproduction”.
- NCERT Biology Class 12: Chapter 5-“Principles of Inheritance and Variation”