Human Physiology-Locomotion And Movement Topic
Human Physiology - Locomotion and Movement
Detailed Notes for JEE Preparation
Introduction to Locomotion:
- Define locomotion as the movement of an organism from one place to another.
- Explain its significance in human physiology, including the ability to perform daily activities, explore the environment, and interact with others.
Types of Locomotion:
- Describe different types of locomotion in humans:
- Walking: Bipedal gait with sequential footfalls.
- Running: Bipedal gait with aerial phase.
- Jumping: Propelling the body vertically.
- Climbing: Using limbs and body strength to ascend or descend.
- Discuss the adaptations in the skeletal and muscular systems for these types of locomotion.
Skeletal System:
Bones:
- Describe the structure of a long bone, including epiphysis, diaphysis, medullary cavity, periosteum, and articular cartilage. (Ref: NCERT Biology Class 11, Ch 19, “Skeletal System”)
- Explain the functions of bones, such as support, protection, storage, and movement.
- Understand the process of bone formation (ossification) and bone growth.
Joints:
- Classify joints based on structure and movement:
- Fibrous: Immovable, e.g., skull sutures.
- Cartilaginous: Slightly movable, e.g., intervertebral discs.
- Synovial: Freely movable, e.g., knee joint.
- Describe the structure of a synovial joint, including articular cartilage, synovial fluid, ligaments, and tendons. (Ref: NCERT Biology Class 11, Ch 19, “Structure of a Synovial Joint”)
Muscular System:
Skeletal Muscles:
- Explain the structure of skeletal muscle, including muscle fibers, myofilaments, and sarcomeres. (Ref: NCERT Biology Class 11, Ch 18, “Structural Organization of Skeletal Muscles”)
- Describe the mechanism of muscle contraction, involving the sliding filament model, role of calcium, and energy requirements.
Muscle Physiology:
- Understand the physiological processes during muscle contraction:
- Excitation-contraction coupling.
- Role of calcium ions in triggering contraction.
- Cross-bridge formation between actin and myosin.
- Energy requirements and ATP hydrolysis.
Types of Muscles:
Skeletal Muscles:
- Describe the structure, location, and functions of skeletal muscles. (Ref: NCERT Biology Class 11, Ch 18, “Types of Muscles”)
Smooth Muscles:
- Explain the characteristics and functions of smooth muscles, found in internal organs and blood vessels.
Cardiac Muscles:
- Understand the unique features and functions of cardiac muscles in the heart.
Biomechanics of Movement:
- Apply the principles of biomechanics to analyze human movement:
- Force: Analyze the forces acting on the body during movement, including gravity, friction, and muscular forces.
- Velocity and acceleration: Calculate and graph the velocity and acceleration of body segments during movement.
- Leverage: Understand the mechanical advantage provided by joints and the role of muscles in generating force.
Gait Analysis:
- Define gait as a sequence of footfalls during walking or running.
- Describe the different phases of gait: stance, swing, and double support.
- Analyze abnormal gait patterns, such as antalgic gait, and their implications.
Neural Control of Movement:
- Discuss the role of the nervous system in controlling movement, including:
- Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord.
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Sensory receptors and motor neurons.
- Explain the pathways involved in motor coordination, balance, and reflexes.
Common Musculoskeletal Disorders:
- Understand the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for common musculoskeletal disorders:
- Arthritis: Inflammation of joints.
- Osteoporosis: Bone loss and weakening.
- Muscle strains: Overstretching or tearing of muscle fibers.
Physiological Adaptations for Movement:
- Explore the physiological changes that occur in response to physical activity and training:
- Increased muscle mass (hypertrophy).
- Improved muscle endurance and strength.
- Increased flexibility and range of motion.
- Enhanced cardiovascular function and oxygen delivery.
Sports Physiology:
- Analyze the physiological factors affecting sports performance:
- Muscle power and endurance.
- Energy metabolism and fuel utilization.
- Recovery and regeneration after exercise.
By mastering these subtopics and referring to the recommended NCERT textbooks, you can build a strong foundation in Human Physiology - Locomotion and Movement for success in the JEE exam.