Biotechnologyprinciples And Processes Topic
Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
Notes from toppers:
1. Recombinant DNA Technology
- Techniques:
- Restriction enzyme digestion: NCERT (12th)-Chapter 12, Page 183
- Gel electrophoresis: NCERT (12th)-Chapter 12, Page 185
- DNA cloning: NCERT (12th)-Chapter 12, Page 190
- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): NCERT (12th)-Chapter 12, Page 197
2. DNA Fingerprinting
- Principles: NCERT (12th)-Chapter 12, Page 200
- Applications:
- Forensic science: Determining identity, linking individuals to crime scenes, paternity testing
- Molecular diagnostics: Identifying genetic mutations and disease markers
3. Gene Expression and Regulation
- Regulation of gene expression:
- Prokaryotes: NCERT (12th)-Chapter 12, Page 172-173
- Eukaryotes: NCERT (12th)-Chapter 12, Page 176
- Operon concept: NCERT (12th)-Chapter 12, Page 173-174
- Transcription factors: NCERT (12th)-Chapter 12, Page 176
4. Protein Synthesis and Purification
- Transcription and translation: NCERT (12th)-Chapter 12, Page 163
- Post-translational modifications: NCERT (12th)-Chapter 12, Page 167-168
- Purification techniques:
- Centrifugation: NCERT (12th)-Chapter 12, Page 185-186
- Chromatography: NCERT (12th)-Chapter 12, Page 186-188
5. Bioinformatics
- Sequence alignment: Matching and comparing nucleotide sequences
- Protein structure prediction: Predicting the 3D structure of a protein from its amino acid sequence
- Databases:
- NCBI: National Center for Biotechnology Information
- PDB: Protein Data Bank
6. Industrial Applications of Biotechnology
- Production of recombinant proteins: Therapeutic proteins, enzymes
- Production of pharmaceuticals: Antibiotics, vaccines, hormones
- Bioremediation: Using microorganisms to remove pollutants and contaminants from the environment
- Environmental applications: Waste management, biodegradation, wastewater treatment
7. Agricultural Biotechnology
- Genetic engineering of crop plants:
- Pest resistance: Bt cotton
- Herbicide tolerance: Ready Round-up crops
- Improved nutritional value: Golden rice
8. Medical Biotechnology
- Production of vaccines: Hepatitis B, Polio, MMR, etc.
- Production of antibiotics: Penicillin, Tetracycline, Streptomycin, etc.
- Gene therapy techniques: Treating genetic disorders by replacing defective genes
9. Bioethics and Biosafety
- Ethical considerations:
- Right to privacy, informed consent, use of human subjects in research
- Ethical issues related to genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
- Biosafety protocols: Safety guidelines to prevent accidental release or exposure to harmful biological agents
10. Recent Advancements in Biotechnology
- CRISPR-Cas9 technology: Genome editing tool
- Stem cell research: Potential for regenerative medicine
- Developments in personalized medicine: Tailored treatments based on individual genetic profiles
11. Applications in Diagnostics
- Southern Blotting: Identifying specific DNA sequences, diagnosing genetic disorders
- Northern Blotting: Studying gene expression, identifying the presence of specific RNA molecules.
- PCR based diagnostics: Detecting and amplifying specific DNA sequences for diagnostic purposes.
12. Applications in Medicine
- Recombinant human insulin: Controlling blood sugar levels in diabetic patients
- Hepatitis B vaccine: Protecting against hepatitis B virus infection
- Antibiotics: Treating bacterial infections, such as penicillin, erythromycin
13. Applications in Agriculture
- Bt-cotton: Bt cotton produces a protein that is toxic to certain insects, making the plants resistant to bollworm attack.
- Herbicide resistant crops: Crops that are genetically engineered to be resistant to specific herbicides, allowing for more efficient weed management.
- Genetically modified crops: Crops that have been modified through genetic engineering to exhibit desired traits, such as improved nutritional value, pest resistance, and enhanced shelf life.
14. Applications in Environment
- Bioremediation: Using microorganisms to break down and remove pollutants from environments, such as soil, water, and air.
- Biofertilizers: Utilizing microorganisms that promote plant growth and provide nutrients to the soil, reducing the need for chemical fertilizers.
- Biofuels: Producing energy sources, such as ethanol and biodiesel, from renewable biomass through microbial processes.