Biotechnology And Its Application Topic
Recombinant DNA Technology
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Reference: NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 12
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Basics of Genetic Engineering and Manipulation:
- Introduction to genetic engineering and its applications
- Methods of gene manipulation: transformation, conjugation, transduction
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Restriction Enzymes, DNA Ligase, and Vectors:
- Structure and properties of restriction enzymes
- DNA ligase and its role in DNA recombination
- Types of vectors: plasmids, bacteriophages, cosmids
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Gene Cloning and Expression using Suitable Vectors:
- Steps involved in gene cloning: isolation, insertion, transformation, selection
- Expression vectors and their components (promoters, enhancers, terminators)
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Southern Blotting, Northern Blotting, and Western Blotting Techniques:
- Southern blotting for DNA analysis
- Northern blotting for RNA analysis
- Western blotting for protein analysis
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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and its Applications:
- Basics of PCR and its components (DNA template, primers, DNA polymerase)
- Different types of PCR: standard PCR, multiplex PCR, real-time PCR
- Applications of PCR in diagnostics, genotyping, and genetic engineering
Gene Regulation and Expression
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Reference: NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 6
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Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Gene Expression:
- Transcription and translation processes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
- Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression
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Transcription and Translation Processes:
- Transcription: RNA synthesis using DNA template
- Translation: Protein synthesis using mRNA template
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Role of Transcription Factors, Enhancers, and Silencers in Gene Regulation:
- Role of transcription factors in regulating gene expression
- Enhancers and silencers: their role in gene regulation
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Operon Concept and its Significance in Gene Regulation (lac and trp operon):
- Concept of operon: a cluster of genes regulated together
- lac operon: its structure, regulation, and significance
- trp operon: its structure, regulation, and significance
Protein Structure and Function
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Reference: NCERT Biology Class 11 and Class 12, Chapter 14 and Chapter 10
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Different Levels of Protein Organization:
- Primary structure: amino acid sequence
- Secondary structure: alpha-helix, beta-pleated sheet
- Tertiary structure: three-dimensional arrangement of polypeptide
- Quaternary structure: organization of multiple polypeptide chains
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Forces Stabilizing Protein Structures: -Covalent bonds (disulfide bonds)
- Hydrogen bonds
- Ionic bonds
- Van der Waals interactions
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Protein Function and its Relation to Structure (enzymes, antibodies, hormones, transport proteins):
- Enzymes: Structure and function of enzymes
- Antibodies: Structure and function of antibodies
- Hormones: Structure and function of hormones
- Transport proteins: Structure and function of transport proteins
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Enzyme Catalysis, Enzyme Kinetics, and Enzyme Inhibition:
- Enzyme catalysis: Mechanism of enzyme action
- Enzyme kinetics: Michaelis-Menten equation and its significance
- Enzyme inhibition: Competitive, non-competitive, and uncompetitive inhibition
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Applications
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Reference: NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 12
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Production of Transgenic Plants (Bt cotton, Golden rice):
- Steps involved in transgenic plant production
- Bt cotton: Benefits and concerns
- Golden rice: Benefits and limitations
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Gene Therapy and its Potential Applications:
- Types of gene therapy: somatic gene therapy, germline gene therapy
- Potential applications of gene therapy
- Ethical considerations in gene therapy
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Pharmaceutical Applications (Production of Insulin, Growth Hormone, Antibiotics):
- Pharmaceutical products produced using gene technology
- Production of insulin, growth hormone, and antibiotics
- Advantages of gene technology in pharmaceutical production
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DNA Fingerprinting and its Applications in Forensics and Paternity Testing:
- Basics of DNA fingerprinting and its techniques
- Applications in forensic science and paternity testing
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Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) and their Ethical Considerations:
- Concept of GMOs and their development
- Potential benefits and risks of GMOs
- Ethical considerations related to GMOs
Industrial Biotechnology
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Reference: NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 12
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Biofuels (Bioethanol, Biodiesel) and their Production Processes:
- Types of biofuels: bioethanol, biodiesel
- Production processes of bioethanol and biodiesel
- Advantages and disadvantages of biofuels
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Production of Organic Acids, Solvents, and Amino Acids through Microbial Fermentation:
- Microbial fermentation and its products (organic acids, solvents, amino acids)
- Industrial processes involving microbial fermentation
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Enzyme Technology and its Industrial Applications:
- Immobilized enzymes and their advantages
- Applications of immobilized enzymes in various industries
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Bioremediation and its Significance in Environmental Cleanup:
- Concept of bioremediation and its applications
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Role of microorganisms in bioremediation
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Environmental benefits of bioremediation
Environmental Biotechnology
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Reference: NCERT Biology Class 12, Chapter 13
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Biodegradation and Bioremediation of Pollutants:
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Biodegradation of pollutants by microorganisms
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Bioremediation strategies for soil and water pollution
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Phytoremediation and its Application in Removing Heavy Metals from Soil:
- Concept of phytoremediation and its mechanisms
- Plants used in phytoremediation and their abilities
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Microbial Leaching and its Use in Mineral Extraction:
- Microbial leaching and its significance
- Role of microorganisms in mineral extraction
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Waste Management and Wastewater Treatment using Microorganisms:
- Microorganisms involved in waste management and wastewater treatment
- Biogas production and its significance