Notes From Toppers
Application of Biotechnology in Medicine
1. Genetic Engineering:
- Concepts:
- Recombinant DNA technology: Definition, steps, and significance. (NCERT Biology Class XII, Chapter 12: Biotechnology and its Applications)
- Gene cloning: Methods, vectors, and applications. (NCERT Biology Class XII, Chapter 12)
- Gene expression: Regulation, control mechanisms, and importance. (NCERT Biology Class XII, Chapter 6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance)
- Applications in medicine:
- Production of therapeutic proteins: Insulin, growth hormones, and antibodies. (NCERT Biology Class XII, Chapter 12)
- Genetically modified organisms: Applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry. (NCERT Biology Class XII, Chapter 12)
2. Gene Therapy:
- Principles and techniques:
- Concepts of gene therapy, gene delivery methods, and targeting strategies. (NCERT Biology Class XII, Chapter 12)
- Viral vectors: Types, advantages, and limitations. (NCERT Biology Class XII, Chapter 12)
- Non-viral methods: Physical, chemical, and biological approaches. (NCERT Biology Class XII, Chapter 12)
- Ethical considerations:
- Safety concerns, risks, and benefits. (NCERT Biology Class XII, Chapter 12)
- Informed consent, regulation, and international guidelines. (NCERT Biology Class XII, Chapter 12)
3. Medical Diagnostics:
- Techniques:
- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Principles and applications in disease detection and DNA analysis. (NCERT Biology Class XII, Chapter 12)
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA): Concepts, procedures, and applications in serological tests and immunoassays. (NCERT Biology Class XII, Chapter 12)
- DNA microarrays: Technology, hybridization techniques, and applications in genetic profiling and diagnosis. (NCERT Biology Class XII, Chapter 12)
4. Pharmacogenomics:
- Personalized medicine:
- Concept of personalized medicine, tailoring drug treatments based on genetic makeup. (NCERT Biology Class XII, Chapter 12)
- Genetic variations, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and their role in drug response. (NCERT Biology Class XII, Chapter 12)
- Advantages and challenges of personalized medicine. (NCERT Biology Class XII, Chapter 12)
5. Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine:
- Principles:
- Tissue engineering concepts and applications. (NCERT Biology Class XII, Chapter 12)
- Biomaterials used in tissue engineering: Scaffolds, growth factors, and stem cells. (NCERT Biology Class XII, Chapter 12)
- Challenges in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. (NCERT Biology Class XII, Chapter 12)
6. Microbial Biotechnology:
- Applications:
- Production of antibiotics, vaccines, and other therapeutic agents using microorganisms. (NCERT Biology Class XII, Chapter 12)
- Bioremediation and environmental cleanup: Role of microorganisms in degrading pollutants and toxic substances. (NCERT Biology Class XII, Chapter 12)
7. Cancer Biotechnology:
- Molecular basis of cancer:
- Genetic alterations, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and mechanisms of cancer development. (NCERT Biology Class XII, Chapter 12)
- Regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis in cancer cells. (NCERT Biology Class XII, Chapter 9: Cell Cycle and Cell Division)
- Biotechnology in cancer diagnosis and treatment:
- Targeted therapies, immunotherapy, and gene therapy approaches. (NCERT Biology Class XII, Chapter 12)
- Biomarkers, molecular diagnostics, and personalized cancer treatments. (NCERT Biology Class XII, Chapter 12)
8. Agricultural Biotechnology:
- Applications:
- Genetically modified crops: Insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, improved nutritional quality, and disease resistance. (NCERT Biology Class XII, Chapter 12)
- Molecular breeding techniques, marker-assisted selection, and genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in agriculture. (NCERT Biology Class XII, Chapter 12)
- Ethical and environmental considerations:
- Biosafety concerns, environmental impact, and regulations related to GMOs. (NCERT Biology Class XII, Chapter 12)
9. Industrial Biotechnology:
- Applications:
- Biofuel production, fermentation processes, enzyme technology, and production of industrial chemicals using microorganisms. (NCERT Biology Class XII, Chapter 12)
- Waste management, wastewater treatment, bioremediation, and biodegradation. (NCERT Biology Class XII, Chapter 12)
10. Bioinformatics and Computational Biology:
- Role of bioinformatics:
- DNA