Chapter 13

NUCLEI

MCQ I

13.1 Suppose we consider a large number of containers each containing initially 10000 atoms of a radioactive material with a half life of 1 year. After 1 year,

(a) all the containers will have 5000 atoms of the material.

(b) all the containers will contain the same number of atoms of the material but that number will only be approximately 5000 .

(c) the containers will in general have different numbers of the atoms of the material but their average will be close to 5000 .

(d) none of the containers can have more than 5000 atoms.

13.2 The gravitational force between a $H$-atom and another particle of mass $m$ will be given by Newton’s law:

$F=G \frac{M \cdot m}{r^{2}}$, where $r$ is in $km$ and

(a) $M=m _{\text{proton }}+m _{\text{electron }}$.

(b) $M=m _{\text{proton }}+m _{\text{electron }}-\frac{B}{c^{2}} \quad(B=13.6 eV)$. (c) $M$ is not related to the mass of the hydrogen atom.

(d) $M=m _{\text{proton }}+m _{\text{electron }}-\frac{|V|}{c^{2}}(|V|=$ magnitude of the potential energy of electron in the $H$-atom).

13.3 When a nucleus in an atom undergoes a radioactive decay, the electronic energy levels of the atom

(a) do not change for any type of radioactivity .

(b) change for $\alpha$ and $\beta$ radioactivity but not for $\gamma$-radioactivity.

(c) change for $\alpha$-radioactivity but not for others.

(d) change for $\beta$-radioactivity but not for others.

13.4 $M_x$ and $M_y$ denote the atomic masses of the parent and the daughter nuclei respectively in a radioactive decay. The $Q$-value for a $\beta^{-}$ decay is $Q_1$ and that for a $\beta^{+}$decay is $Q_2$. If $m_e$ denotes the mass of an electron, then which of the following statements is correct?

(a) $Q_1=(M_x-M_y) c^{2}$ and $Q_2=(M_x-M_y-2 m_e) c^{2}$

(b) $Q_1=(M_x-M_y) c^{2}$ and $Q_2=(M_x-M_y) c^{2}$

(c) $Q_1=(M_x-M_y-2 m_e) c^{2}$ and $Q_2=(M_x-M_y+2 m_e) c^{2}$

(d) $Q_1=(M_x-M_y+2 m_e) c^{2}$ and $Q_2=(M_x-M_y+2 m_e) c^{2}$

13.5 Tritium is an isotope of hydrogen whose nucleus Triton contains 2 neutrons and 1 proton. Free neutrons decay into $p+\overline{e}+\bar{v}$. If one of the neutrons in Triton decays, it would transform into $He^{3}$ nucleus. This does not happen. This is because

(a) Triton energy is less than that of a $He^{3}$ nucleus.

(b) the electron created in the beta decay process cannot remain in the nucleus.

(c) both the neutrons in triton have to decay simultaneously resulting in a nucleus with 3 protons, which is not a $He^{3}$ nucleus.

(d) because free neutrons decay due to external perturbations which is absent in a triton nucleus.

13.6 Heavy stable nucle have more neutrons than protons. This is because of the fact that

(a) neutrons are heavier than protons.

(b) electrostatic force between protons are repulsive.

(c) neutrons decay into protons through beta decay.

(d) nuclear forces between neutrons are weaker than that between protons.

13.7 In a nuclear reactor, moderators slow down the neutrons which come out in a fission process. The moderator used have light nuclei. Heavy nuclei will not serve the purpose because (a) they will break up.

(b) elastic collision of neutrons with heavy nuclei will not slow them down.

(c) the net weight of the reactor would be unbearably high.

(d) substances with heavy nuclei do not occur in liquid or gaseous state at room temperature.

MCQ II

13.8 Fusion processes, like combining two deuterons to form a $He$ nucleus are impossible at ordinary temperatures and pressure. The reasons for this can be traced to the fact:

(a) nuclear forces have short range.

(b) nuclei are positively charged.

(c) the original nuclei must be completely ionized before fusion can take place.

(d) the original nuclei must first break up before combining with each other.

13.9 Samples of two radioactive nuclides A and B are taken. $\lambda_A$ and $\lambda_B$ are the disintegration constants of $A$ and $B$ respectively. In which of the following cases, the two samples can simultaneously have the same decay rate at any time?

(a) Initial rate of decay of $A$ is twice the initial rate of decay of $B$ and $\lambda_A=\lambda_B$.

(b) Initial rate of decay of $A$ is twice the initial rate of decay of $B$ and $\lambda_A>\lambda_B$.

(c) Initial rate of decay of $B$ is twice the initial rate of decay of $A$ and $\lambda_A>\lambda_B$.

(d) Initial rate of decay of $B$ is same as the rate of decay of $A$ at $t=2 h$ and $\lambda_B<\lambda_A$.

13.10 The variation of decay rate of two radioactive samples $A$ and $B$ with time is shown in Fig. 13.1.

Which of the following statements are true?

(a) Decay constant of $A$ is greater than that of $B$, hence $A$ always decays faster than $B$.

(b) Decay constant of B is greater than that of A but its decay rate is always smaller than that of $A$.

(c) Decay constant of A is greater than that of $B$ but it does not always decay faster than $B$.

(d) Decay constant of $B$ is smaller than that of $A$ but still its decay rate becomes equal to that of $A$ at a later instant.

Fig. 13.1

VSA

13.11 $He_2^{3}$ and $H e_1^{3}$ nuclei have the same mass number. Do they have the same binding energy?

13.12 Draw a graph showing the variation of decay rate with number of active nuclei.

13.13 Which sample, A or B shown in Fig. 13.2 has shorter mean-life?

Fig. 13.2

13.14 Which one of the following cannot emit radiation and why?
Excited nucleus, excited electron.

13.15 In pair annihilation, an electron and a positron destroy each other to produce gamma radiation. How is the momentum conserved?

SA

13.16 Why do stable nuclei never have more protons than neutrons?

13.17 Consider a radioactive nucleus A which decays to a stable nucleus C through the following sequence:

$A \to B \to C$

Here $B$ is an intermediate nuclei which is also radioactive. Considering that there are $N_o$ atoms of A initially, plot the graph showing the variation of number of atoms of $A$ and $B$ versus time.

13.18 A piece of wood from the ruins of an ancient building was found to have a ${ }^{14} C$ activity of 12 disintegrations per minute per gram of its carbon content. The ${ }^{14} C$ activity of the living wood is 16 disintegrations per minute per gram. How long ago did the tree, from which the wooden sample came, die? Given half-life of ${ }^{14} C$ is 5760 years.

13.19 Are the nucleons fundamental particles, or do they consist of still smaller parts? One way to find out is to probe a nucleon just as Rutherford probed an atom. What should be the kinetic energy of an electron for it to be able to probe a nucleon? Assume the diameter of a nucleon to be approximately $10^{-15} m$.

13.20 A nuclide 1 is said to be the mirror isobar of nuclide 2 if $Z_1=N_2$ and $Z_2=N_1$. (a) What nuclide is a mirror isobar of $ _11^{23} Na$ ? (b) Which nuclide out of the two mirror isobars have greater binding energy and why?

13.21 Sometimes a radioactive nucleus decays into a nucleus which itself is radioactive. An example is :

${ }^{38}$ Sulphur $\xrightarrow[=2.48 h]{\text{ half-life }}{ }^{38} Cl \xrightarrow[=0.62 h]{\text{ half-life }}{ }^{38} Ar$ (stable)

Assume that we start with $1000{ }^{38} S$ nuclei at time $t=0$. The number of ${ }^{38} Cl$ is of count zero at $t=0$ and will again be zero at $t=\infty$. At what value of $t$, would the number of counts be a maximum?

13.22 Deuteron is a bound state of a neutron and a proton with a binding energy $B=2.2 MeV$. A $\gamma$-ray of energy $E$ is aimed at a deuteron nucleus to try to break it into a (neutron + proton) such that the $n$ and $p$ move in the direction of the incident $\gamma$-ray. If $E=B$, show that this cannot happen. Hence calculate how much bigger than $B$ must $E$ be for such a process to happen.

13.23 The deuteron is bound by nuclear forces just as $H$-atom is made up of $p$ and $e$ bound by electrostatic forces. If we consider the force between neutron and proton in deuteron as given in the form of a Coulomb potential but with an effective charge $e^{\prime}$ :

$ F=\frac{1}{4 \pi \varepsilon_0} \frac{e^{\prime 2}}{r} $

estimate the value of $(e^{\prime} / e)$ given that the binding energy of a deuteron is $2.2 MeV$.

13.24 Before the neutrino hypothesis, the beta decay process was throught to be the transition,

$n \to p+\bar{e}$

If this was true, show that if the neutron was at rest, the proton and electron would emerge with fixed energies and calculate them.Experimentally, the electron energy was found to have a large range.

13.25 The activity $R$ of an unknown radioactive nuclide is measured at hourly intervals. The results found are tabulated as follows:

(i) Plot the graph of $R$ versus $t$ and calculate half-life from the graph.

(ii) Plot the graph of $\ln (\frac{R}{R_0})$ versus $t$ and obtain the value of half-life from the graph.

13.26 Nuclei with magic no. of proton $Z=2,8,20,28,50,52$ and magic no. of neutrons $N=2,8,20,28,50,82$ and 126 are found to be very stable. (i) Verify this by calculating the proton separation energy $S_p$ for ${ }^{120} Sn(Z=50)$ and ${ }^{121} Sb=(Z=51)$.

The proton separation energy for a nuclide is the minimum energy required to separate the least tightly bound proton from a nucleus of that nuclide. It is given by

$ S_p=(M _{Z-1}, _{N}+M_H-M _{Z, N}) c^{2} $

Given ${ }^{119} In=118.9058 u,{ }^{120} Sn=119.902199 u$, ${ }^{121} Sb=120.903824 u,{ }^{1} H=1.0078252 u$.

(ii) What does the existance of magic number indicate?

Chapter 13

13.1 (c)

13.2 (b)

13.3 (b)

13.4 (a)

13.5 (a)

13.6 (b)

13.7 (b)

13.8 (a), (b)

13.9 (b), (d)

13.10 (c), (d)

13.11 No, the binding energy of $H_1{ }^{3}$ is greater.

13.12

13.13 B has shorter mean life as $\lambda$ is greater for $B$.

13.14 Excited electron because energy of electronic energy levels is in the range of $eV$, only not in $MeV$. as $\gamma$-radiation has energy in $MeV$.

13.15 $2 \gamma$ photons are produced which move in opposite directions to conserve momentum.

13.16 Protons are positively charged and repel one another electrically. This repulsion becomes so great in nuclei with more than 10 protons or so, that an excess of neutrons which produce only attractive forces, is required for stability.

13.17

At $t=0, N_A=N_O$ while $N_B=0$. As time increases, $N_A$ falls off exponentially, the number of atoms of $B$ increases, becomes maximum and finally decays to zero at $\infty$ (following exponential decay law).

13.18

$ \begin{aligned} & t=\frac{1}{\lambda} \ln \frac{R_0}{R} \\ & \quad=\frac{5760}{0.693} \ln \frac{16}{12}=\frac{5760}{0.693} \ln \frac{4}{3} \\ & \quad=\frac{5760}{0.693} \times 2.303 \log \frac{4}{3}= \end{aligned} $

$ 2391.12 \text{ years. } $

13.19 To resolve two objects separated by distance $d$, the wavelength $\lambda$ of the proving signal must be less than $d$. Therefore, to detect separate parts inside a nucleon, the electron must have a wavelength less than $10^{-15} m$.

$ \begin{aligned} \lambda & =\frac{h}{p} \text{ and } K \approx p c \Rightarrow K \approx p c=\frac{h c}{\lambda} \\ & =\frac{6.63 \times 10^{34} \times 3 \times 10^{8}}{1.6 \times 10^{-19} \times 10^{-15}} eV \\ & =10^{9} eV .=1 GeV . \end{aligned} $

13.20 (a) $ _11^{23} Na: Z_1=11, N_1=12$

$\therefore$ Mirror isobar of $ _11^{23} Na= _12^{23} Mg$. (b) Since $Z_2>Z_1, M g$ has greater binding energy than $Na$.

13.21 ${ }^{38} S \xrightarrow[2.48 h]{ }{ }^{38} Cl \xrightarrow[0.62 h]{ }{ }^{38} Ar$

At time $t$, Let ${ }^{38} S$ have $N_1(t)$ active nuclei and ${ }^{38} Cl$ have $N_2(t)$ active nuclei.

$\frac{d N_1}{d t}=-\lambda_1 N_1=$ rate of formation of $Cl^{38}$. Also

$\frac{d N_2}{d t}=-\lambda_1 N_2+\lambda_1 N_1$

But $N_1=N_0 e^{-\lambda_1 t}$

$\frac{d N_2}{d t}=-\lambda_1 N_0 e^{-\lambda_1 t}-\lambda_2 N_2$

Multiplying by $e^{\lambda_2 t} d t$ and rearranging

$e^{\lambda_2 t} d N_2+\lambda_2 N_2 e^{\lambda_2 t} d t=\lambda_1 N_0 e^{(\lambda_2-\lambda_1) t} d t$

Integrating both sides.

$N_2 e^{\lambda_2 t}=\frac{N_0 \lambda_1}{\lambda_2-\lambda_1} e^{(\lambda_2-\lambda_1) t}+C$

Since at $t=0, N_2=0, C=-\frac{N_0 \lambda_1}{\lambda_2-\lambda_1}$

$\therefore N_2 e^{\lambda_2 t}=\frac{N_0 \lambda_1}{\lambda_2-\lambda_1}(e^{(\lambda_2-\lambda_1) t}-1)$

$N_2=\frac{N_0 \lambda_1}{\lambda_2-\lambda_1}(e^{-\lambda, t}-e^{-\lambda_2 t})$

For maximum count, $\frac{d N_2}{d t}=0$

On solving, $t=(\ln \frac{\lambda_1}{\lambda_2}) /(\lambda_1-\lambda_2)$

$ \begin{aligned} & =\ln \frac{2.48}{0.62} /(2.48-0.62) \\ & =\frac{\ln 4}{1.86}=\frac{2.303 \log 4}{1.86} \\ & =0.745 s \end{aligned} $

13.22 From conservation of energy

$E-B=K_n+K_p=\frac{p_n{ }^{2}}{2 m}+\frac{p_p{ }^{2}}{2 m}$

Exemplar Problems-Physics

From conservation of momentum

$p_n+p_p=\frac{E}{c}$

If $E=B$, the first equation gives $p_n=p_p=0$ and hence the second equation cannot be satisfied, and the process cannot take place.

For the process to take place, Let $E=B+\lambda$, where $\lambda$ would be $«B$.

Then : substituting for $p_n$ from Equation (2) into Equation (1),

$\lambda=\frac{1}{2 m}(p_p^{2}+p_n^{2})=\frac{1}{2 m}(p_p^{2}+(p_p-E / c)^{2})$

$\therefore 2 p_p^{2}-\frac{2 E}{c} p_p+(\frac{E^{2}}{c^{2}}-2 m \lambda)=0$

$\therefore p_p=\frac{2 E / c \pm \sqrt{4 E^{2} / c^{2}-8(\frac{E^{2}}{c^{2}}-2 m \lambda)}}{4}$

Since the determinant must be positive for $p_p$ to be real :

$\frac{4 E^{2}}{c^{2}}-8(\frac{E^{2}}{c^{2}}-2 m \lambda)=0$

Or, $16 m \lambda=\frac{4 E^{2}}{c^{2}}, \therefore \lambda=\frac{E^{2}}{4 m c^{2}} \approx \frac{B^{2}}{4 m c^{2}}$.

13.23 The binding energy in $H$ atom $E=\frac{m e^{4}}{8 \varepsilon_0^{2} h^{2}}=13.6 eV$.

If proton and neutron had charge $e^{\prime}$ each and were governed by the same electrostatic force, then in the above equation we would need to replace electronic mass $m$ by the reduced mass $m^{\prime}$ of proton-neutron and the electronic charge $e$ by $e^{\prime}$.

$m^{\prime}=\frac{M}{2}=\frac{1836 m}{2}=918 m$.

$\therefore$ Binding energy $=\frac{918 m e^{\prime}}{8 \varepsilon_0^{2} h^{2}}=2.2 MeV \quad$ (given)

Diving (2) by (1) $918(\frac{e^{\prime}}{e})^{4}=\frac{2.2 MeV}{13.6 eV}$

$\Rightarrow \frac{e^{\prime}}{e} \approx 11$.

13.24 Before $\beta$ decay, neutron is at rest. Hence $E_n=m_n c^{2}, p_n=0$

After $\beta$ decay, from conservation of momentum:

$\mathbf{p} _n=\mathbf{p} _p+\mathbf{p} _e$

Or $\mathbf{p} _p+\mathbf{p} _e=0 \Rightarrow|\mathbf{p} _p|=|\mathbf{p} _e|=p$

Also, $E_p=(m_p{ }^{2} c^{4}+p_p{ }^{2} c^{2})^{\frac{1}{2}}$,

$E_e=(m_e{ }^{2} c^{4}+p_e{ }^{2} c^{2})^{\frac{1}{2}}=(m_e{ }^{2} c^{4}+p_p c^{2})^{\frac{1}{2}}$

From conservation of energy:

$(m_p{ }^{2} c^{4}+p^{2} c^{2})^{\frac{1}{2}}+(m_e{ }^{2} c^{4}+p^{2} c^{2})^{\frac{1}{2}}=m_n c^{2}$

$m_p c^{2} \approx 936 MeV, m_n c^{2} \approx 938 MeV, m_e c^{2}=0.51 MeV$

Since the energy difference between $n$ and $p$ is small, $p c$ will be small, $p c«m_p c^{2}$, while $p c$ may be greater than $m_e c^{2}$.

$\Rightarrow m_p c^{2}+\frac{p^{2} c^{2}}{2 m_p{ }^{2} c^{4}} \simeq m_n c^{2}-p c$

To first order $p c \simeq m_n c^{2}-m_p c^{2}=938 MeV-936 MeV=2 MeV$

This gives the momentum.

Then,

$E_p=(m_p{ }^{2} c^{4}+p^{2} c^{2})^{\frac{1}{2}}=\sqrt{936^{2}+2^{2}} \simeq 936 MeV$

$E_e=(m_e{ }^{2} c^{4}+p^{2} c^{2})^{\frac{1}{2}}=\sqrt{(0.51)^{2}+2^{2}} \simeq 2.06 MeV$

13.25 (i) $t _{1 / 2}=40 min$ (approx).

(ii) Slope of graph $=-\lambda$

$ \begin{aligned} & \text{ So } \lambda=-(\frac{-4.16+3.11}{1})=1.05 h \\ & \text{ So } t _{1 / 2}=\frac{0.693}{1.05}=0.66 h=39.6 min \text{ or } 40 min \text{ (approx). } \end{aligned} $

13.26

(i)

$S_{pSn} = (M_{119'70} + M_H-M_{120,70})c^2 $

$=(118.9058+1.0078252-119.902199) c^2$

$=0.0114362 c^{2}$

$S_{pSb} =(M_{120'70} +M_H-M _{121,70}) c^2$

$=(119.902199+1.0078252-120.903822) c_2 = 0.0059912 c^{2}$

Since $S _{p S n}>S _{p S b}$, $Sn$ nucleus is more stable than $Sb$ nucleus.

(ii) It indicates shell structure of nucleus similar to the shell structure of an atom. This also explains the peaks in BE/ nucleon curve.