Question:

Give the schematic representation of Glycolysis

Answer:

Glycolysis Schematic Representation:

Step 1: Glucose (6 carbon molecule) is converted to two molecules of Pyruvate (3 carbon molecule) by the enzyme Hexokinase.

Step 2: Pyruvate is converted to Acetyl-CoA (2 carbon molecule) by the enzyme Pyruvate Kinase.

Step 3: Acetyl-CoA is converted to two molecules of Acetaldehyde (3 carbon molecule) by the enzyme Acetyl-CoA Synthetase.

Step 4: Acetaldehyde is converted to two molecules of Ethanol (2 carbon molecule) by the enzyme Alcohol Dehydrogenase.

Step 5: Ethanol is converted to two molecules of Pyruvate (3 carbon molecule) by the enzyme Pyruvate Dehydrogenase.

Step 6: Pyruvate is converted to two molecules of Lactate (3 carbon molecule) by the enzyme Lactate Dehydrogenase.

Question:

What are respiratory substrates? Name the most common respiratory substrate.

Answer:

Answer: Respiratory substrates are substances that are used by cells to produce energy through cellular respiration. The most common respiratory substrate is glucose.

Question:

What is the significance of stepwise release of energy in respiration?

Answer:

1. Stepwise release of energy in respiration is a process that occurs in the cells of living organisms. It is the process by which energy is extracted from the breakdown of glucose molecules (or other nutrients) and converted into a form that can be used by the cells.

2. The stepwise release of energy in respiration is important because it allows the cells to efficiently extract the maximum amount of energy from the nutrients they have available. This energy is then used to power the cells’ metabolic processes and to build and maintain cell components.

3. Stepwise release of energy in respiration also helps to regulate the amount of energy available to the cells and prevents them from becoming overwhelmed with too much energy. By controlling the amount of energy released, the cells can ensure that they are able to properly use the energy they have and not waste any.

4. Finally, stepwise release of energy in respiration is essential for the maintenance of homeostasis in the body. By controlling the amount of energy released, the cells can ensure that the body’s internal environment remains stable and within the optimal range for the body’s functions.

Question:

Distinguish between the following. (a) Aerobic respiration and Anaerobic respiration (b) Glycolysis and Fermentation (c) Glycolysis and Citric acid cycle

Answer:

(a) Aerobic respiration: A metabolic process that requires oxygen to produce energy from glucose molecules. Anaerobic respiration: A metabolic process that does not require oxygen to produce energy from glucose molecules.

(b) Glycolysis: A metabolic pathway in which glucose molecules are broken down into two molecules of pyruvate, releasing energy. Fermentation: A metabolic pathway in which pyruvate molecules are broken down into other molecules, such as ethanol or lactic acid, releasing energy.

(c) Glycolysis: A metabolic pathway in which glucose molecules are broken down into two molecules of pyruvate, releasing energy. Citric acid cycle: A metabolic pathway in which pyruvate molecules are further broken down into carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy.

Question:

Define RQ. What is RQ value for fats?

Answer:

RQ stands for respiratory quotient, which is a measure of how efficiently the body is burning fuel. The RQ value for fats is 0.7.

Question:

Discuss the respiratory pathway is an amphibolic pathway.

Answer:

Step 1: Explain what an amphibolic pathway is.

An amphibolic pathway is a metabolic pathway that is both anabolic and catabolic, meaning it both creates complex molecules from simpler ones and breaks down complex molecules into simpler ones.

Step 2: Describe the respiratory pathway.

The respiratory pathway is a metabolic pathway in which oxygen is used to break down glucose and other organic molecules to produce energy. This process is known as cellular respiration and involves the oxidation of glucose to produce ATP, which is the energy currency of the cell.

Step 3: Explain how the respiratory pathway is an amphibolic pathway.

The respiratory pathway is an amphibolic pathway because it is both anabolic and catabolic. During the process of cellular respiration, glucose is broken down into simpler molecules such as carbon dioxide and water, which is a catabolic reaction. At the same time, the energy released from this reaction is used to synthesize ATP, which is an anabolic reaction.

Question:

What is the significance of step-wise release of energy in respiration?

Answer:

Answer: Step-wise release of energy in respiration is an important part of the energy metabolism process in cells. It involves the breakdown of glucose molecules into smaller molecules, such as pyruvate, which then undergoes a series of reactions known as the Krebs cycle. During this cycle, energy is released in the form of ATP molecules which can then be used by the cell for various metabolic processes. This step-wise release of energy is more efficient than a single, large release of energy as it allows cells to use the energy as needed, rather than having to store it for later use.

Question:

What are the main steps in aerobic respiration? Where does it take place?

Answer:

1. The main steps in aerobic respiration are glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.

2. Aerobic respiration takes place in the mitochondria of a cell.

Question:

Explain ETS?

Answer:

ETS stands for Educational Testing Service, which is a nonprofit organization that provides assessments and related services to educational institutions. It is best known for administering the SAT and other college admissions tests, but it also provides services such as research and development, professional certification, and customized assessments. ETS also provides services to K-12 schools, such as the Advanced Placement Program and the TOEFL Junior test.

Question:

Discuss “The respiratory pathway is an amphibolic pathway”.

Answer:

1. Begin by defining the term “amphibolic pathway”. An amphibolic pathway is a metabolic pathway that involves both catabolic and anabolic reactions.

2. Explain how the respiratory pathway is an amphibolic pathway. The respiratory pathway is an amphibolic pathway because it involves both catabolic and anabolic reactions. The catabolic reactions involve the breakdown of glucose molecules to produce energy, while the anabolic reactions involve the synthesis of glucose molecules from other molecules.

3. Discuss the importance of the respiratory pathway being an amphibolic pathway. By being an amphibolic pathway, the respiratory pathway is able to both produce energy and synthesize molecules, making it an important pathway for maintaining homeostasis in the body. It allows the body to respond to changing energy demands and synthesize molecules needed for various processes.

Question:

Define RQ. What is its value for fats?

Answer:

RQ stands for Respiratory Quotient. It is a measure of the ratio of carbon dioxide produced to oxygen consumed during respiration. The RQ for fats is 0.7.

Question:

Differentiate between (a) Respiration and Combustion (b) Glycolysis and Kreb’s cycle (c) Aerobic respiration and fermentation

Answer:

(a) Respiration is a process in which energy is released from organic molecules like glucose by metabolic chemical oxidation in the cells of living organisms. Combustion is a chemical reaction between a fuel and an oxidant, usually oxygen, to release energy in the form of heat and light.

(b) Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose molecules into pyruvate molecules and produces ATP. Kreb’s cycle is a metabolic pathway that produces ATP by oxidizing the products of glycolysis, such as pyruvate and other intermediate molecules.

(c) Aerobic respiration is a type of respiration that requires oxygen and produces ATP. Fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration that does not require oxygen and produces ATP, but at a much lower rate than aerobic respiration.

Question:

Give the schematic representation of an overall view of Kreb’s cycle.

Answer:

1. Draw a circle to represent the overall view of Kreb’s cycle.

2. Inside the circle, draw 8 arrows pointing in a clockwise direction to represent the 8 steps of the cycle.

3. Label the arrows with the names of the 8 steps of the cycle: Acetyl CoA, Citrate, Isocitrate, α-Ketoglutarate, Succinyl CoA, Succinate, Fumarate, and Malate.

4. Draw a box to represent the start of the cycle and label it “Acetyl CoA”.

5. Draw a box to represent the end of the cycle and label it “Malate”.

6. Draw arrows between the boxes and the arrows to indicate the flow of the cycle.

7. Label the arrows with the names of the compounds that are produced at each step of the cycle.

Question:

What are the assumptions made during the calculation of net gain of ATP?

Answer:

1. The energy released from the breakdown of ATP is assumed to be constant.

2. It is assumed that all of the energy released from the breakdown of ATP is converted into useful energy for the cell.

3. It is assumed that the cell is able to use the energy released from the breakdown of ATP efficiently.

4. It is assumed that the cell is able to use the energy released from the breakdown of ATP to create new ATP molecules.

5. It is assumed that the cell is able to use the energy released from the breakdown of ATP to perform other cellular functions.

Question:

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer:

Answer: Oxidative phosphorylation is a process in which cells use energy released from the breakdown of food molecules to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This process occurs in the mitochondria of cells and involves the transfer of electrons from molecules such as glucose to oxygen, with the release of energy to drive the production of ATP.