Question:

A loop of capillary running parallel to the Henle’s loop is known as

Answer:

Answer: The Loop of Vasa Recta.

Question:

Dialysis fluid contain all the constituents as in plasma except

Answer:

1. First, identify what is meant by “dialysis fluid”. Dialysis fluid is a solution used in dialysis, a medical procedure used to remove waste products and excess fluid from the blood of a patient with kidney failure.

2. Next, understand what is meant by “constituents as in plasma.” Plasma is the liquid portion of the blood and contains proteins, electrolytes, and other molecules.

3. Finally, determine what the statement is saying. The statement is saying that dialysis fluid contains all of the same constituents as plasma, except for certain molecules. These molecules are removed from the plasma during the dialysis process.

Question:

Define Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR).

Answer:

1. Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is a measure of the amount of filtration of blood through the kidneys per unit time.

2. GFR is calculated by measuring the concentration of a substance in the blood (usually creatinine) and then multiplying it by a constant.

3. GFR is an important indicator of kidney function, as it reflects the rate at which the kidneys are filtering out waste products from the blood.

4. Abnormal GFR values can indicate kidney damage or disease, and can be used to monitor the progression of kidney disease.

Question:

Describe the role of liver, lungs and skin in excretion.

Answer:

Liver: The liver plays a key role in excretion by breaking down toxins, drugs, and other substances that enter the body. It then helps to excrete these substances through the bile, which is stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine.

Lungs: The lungs are responsible for excreting carbon dioxide, which is a waste product of respiration. Carbon dioxide is expelled from the body when we exhale.

Skin: The skin is the body’s largest organ and plays an important role in excretion. Sweat glands in the skin help to excrete water and electrolytes, such as sodium and potassium, as well as waste products like urea and ammonia. The skin also helps to excrete toxins through the process of perspiration.

Question:

Explain micturition.

Answer:

Micturition is the process of passing urine from the body. It is a complex process that involves the coordinated contraction of the detrusor muscle of the bladder, relaxation of the internal and external urethral sphincters, and the coordination of the pelvic floor muscles. The process begins when the detrusor muscle contracts, causing the bladder to store more urine. This causes the internal urethral sphincter to relax, allowing urine to pass through the urethra and out of the body. At the same time, the external urethral sphincter contracts, preventing urine from leaking out of the body. The pelvic floor muscles then contract, helping to control the flow of urine and ensure it is expelled from the body. Once the bladder has emptied, the detrusor muscle relaxes and the internal and external urethral sphincters close, preventing further leakage.

Question:

Name the following: (a)A chordate animal having flame cells as excretory structures. (b) Cortical portions projecting between the medullary pyramids in human kidney. (c) A loop of capillary running parallel to the Henles loop.

Answer:

(a) Planaria (b) Renal columns (c) Vasa recta

Question:

(a) Ascending limb of Henle’s loop is ………. to water whereas the descending limb is …….. to it. (b) Reabsorption of water from distal parts of the tubules is facilitated by hormone ………… (c) Dialysis fluid contain all the constituent as in plasma except …….. (d) A healthy adult human excretes (on an average) ……………………..gm of urea /day

Answer:

(a) Permeable, Impermeable (b) ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) (c) Proteins (d) 60-80

Question:

Name the following: (a) A chordate animal having flame cells as excretory structures. (b) Cortical portions projecting between the medullary pyramids in the human kidney. (c) A loop of capillary running parallel to the Henle’s loop.

Answer:

(a) Planaria (b) Renal columns (c) Vasa recta

Question:

A healthy adult human excretes (on an average) ………. gm of urea/day.

Answer:

1. First, determine the average amount of urea excreted by a healthy adult human in a day.

2. Research the amount of urea excreted by a healthy adult human and calculate the average amount.

3. Determine the unit of measurement to use when expressing the average amount of urea excreted by a healthy adult human.

4. Express the average amount of urea excreted by a healthy adult human in the unit of measurement determined in step 3.

Question:

Explain the autoregulatory mechanism of GFR.

Answer:

1. Autoregulatory mechanism of GFR is a process that helps to maintain the constant glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the body.

2. The autoregulatory mechanism involves the coordination of multiple hormones and other molecules in order to maintain the GFR.

3. The hormones that are involved in this process include renin, angiotensin, and aldosterone.

4. Renin is released by the kidneys in response to a decrease in blood pressure, and it helps to increase the GFR by converting angiotensinogen into angiotensin.

5. Angiotensin is a peptide hormone that helps to constrict the blood vessels and increase the blood pressure.

6. Aldosterone, a steroid hormone, is released by the adrenal glands in response to a decrease in blood pressure and helps to reduce the amount of water and salt lost in the urine, thus increasing the GFR.

7. The autoregulatory mechanism of GFR helps to maintain the constant filtration rate of the kidneys in order to ensure that the body is able to maintain a healthy balance of electrolytes, water, and other substances.

Question:

Terrestrial animals are generally either ureotelic or uricotelic, not ammonotelic, why?

Answer:

1. Ureotelic and uricotelic animals are those that excrete nitrogenous waste in the form of urea and uric acid, respectively.

2. Ammonotelic animals are those that excrete nitrogenous waste in the form of ammonia.

3. Terrestrial animals cannot excrete ammonia due to its high toxicity, so they must excrete urea or uric acid instead.

Question:

What is the significance of Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) in kidney function ?

Answer:

Step 1: Understand the term Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA).

Step 2: Research the role of JGA in kidney function.

Step 3: Summarize the significance of JGA in kidney function.

Question:

What is the significance of juxta glomerular apparatus (JGA) in kidney function?

Answer:

Step 1: Understand what juxta glomerular apparatus (JGA) is.

Step 2: Research the function of JGA in relation to kidney function.

Step 3: Analyze the data and draw conclusions about the significance of JGA in kidney function.

Question:

Name the following. Cortical portions projecting between the medullary pyramids in the human kidney.

Answer:

Answer: Renal pyramids.

Question:

Indicate whether the following statements are true or false. (a) Micturition is carried out by a reflex. (b) ADH helps in water elimination, making the urine hypotonic. (c) Protein-free fluid is filtered from blood plasma into the Bowman’s capsule. (d) Henle’s loop plays an important role in concentrating the urine. (e) Glucose is actively reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule.

Answer:

(a) True (b) False (c) True (d) True (e) False

Question:

Match the items of column I with those of column II: Column I Column II (a) Ammonotelism (i) Birds (b) Bowman’s capsule (ii) Water reabsorption (c) Micturition (iii) Bony fish (d) Uricotelism (iv) Urinary bladder (e) ADH (v) Renal tubule

Answer:

(a) Ammonotelism (iii) Bony fish

(b) Bowman’s capsule (ii) Water reabsorption

(c) Micturition (iv) Urinary bladder

(d) Uricotelism (i) Birds

(e) ADH (v) Renal tubule

Question:

What is meant by the term osmoregulation?

Answer:

1. Osmoregulation is a process by which organisms regulate the concentration of solutes in their internal environment.

2. It is the regulation of the osmotic pressure of the body fluids to maintain the homeostasis of the organism’s cells.

3. It is important for maintaining the proper balance of water and solutes in the body, as well as controlling the movement of water and solutes across cell membranes.

4. Osmoregulation is a biological process that helps organisms to maintain their internal environment, such as maintaining the proper pH level and the concentration of salts, minerals, and other solutes.

Question:

Reabsorption of water from distal parts of the tubules is facilitated by the hormone

Answer:

1. Distal parts of the tubules are the areas of the tubules that are furthest away from the source.

2. Reabsorption is the process of taking water from the tubules and returning it to the body.

3. The hormone that facilitates this reabsorption is antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which is released from the pituitary gland.

4. ADH signals the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of water from the distal parts of the tubules.

5. This reabsorption of water helps regulate the body’s water balance and maintain the correct amount of water in the body.

Question:

Give a brief account of the counter current mechanism.

Answer:

1. The counter current mechanism is a process in which two fluids flow in opposite directions and exchange materials between them.

2. It is commonly used in the transport of materials such as oxygen, nutrients, and hormones in the body.

3. The counter current mechanism works by creating a gradient of concentration between two fluids, which allows for efficient exchange of materials between them.

4. For example, in the kidneys, blood is pumped in one direction and urine is pumped in the opposite direction. This allows for the efficient exchange of water, minerals, and other substances between the two fluids.

5. In other parts of the body, such as the gills of fish, counter current exchange is used to supply oxygen to the body.

6. Counter current exchange is also used in industrial processes, such as in the production of food, pharmaceuticals, and chemicals.

7. In conclusion, the counter current mechanism is an efficient process for exchanging materials between two fluids that flow in opposite directions. It is used in the body, in industry, and in many other applications.