Question:

Write short on the functions of the testis.

Answer:

1. Understand the definition of a testis: Testis is a male reproductive organ that produces sperm and male sex hormones.

2. Research the functions of the testis: The testes produce sperm, the male gamete, and the male sex hormone testosterone. The testosterone is responsible for the development of the male reproductive organs, as well as other male secondary sexual characteristics, such as body hair, a deep voice and increased muscle mass.

3. Summarize the functions of the testis: The testes are responsible for the production of sperm and testosterone, which are essential for male reproductive health and development.

Question:

Write short notes on the functions of androgens.

Answer:

1. An androgen is a type of hormone found in both men and women that is responsible for the development of male sex characteristics.

2. Androgens are produced in the testes, ovaries, and adrenal glands in males, and in the ovaries and adrenal glands in females.

3. In males, androgens are responsible for the development of the male reproductive organs, the growth of facial and body hair, and the deepening of the voice.

4. In females, androgens are responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics such as increased body hair and the growth of the clitoris.

5. Androgens also play a role in regulating energy levels, libido, and mood.

6. Abnormal levels of androgens can lead to a variety of medical conditions, such as polycystic ovary syndrome, hirsutism, and acne.

Question:

Give examples of hypercalcemic hormone.

Answer:

1. Hypercalcemic hormones are hormones that cause an increase in the level of calcium in the blood.

2. Examples of hypercalcemic hormones include parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and vitamin D.

3. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is produced by the parathyroid glands and helps regulate calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood.

4. Calcitonin is produced by the thyroid gland and helps regulate calcium levels in the blood.

5. Vitamin D is produced in the skin and helps the body absorb calcium from the diet.

Question:

List the hormones secreted by G-I tract.

Answer:

1. Gastrin: Secreted by G cells in the stomach, it stimulates the secretion of gastric acid.

2. Secretin: Secreted by S cells in the small intestine, it stimulates the secretion of bicarbonate and water by the pancreas and the liver.

3. Cholecystokinin (CCK): Secreted by I cells in the small intestine, it stimulates the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the gallbladder.

4. Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP): Secreted by K cells in the small intestine, it inhibits gastric emptying and stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreas.

5. Enteroglucagon: Secreted by L cells in the small intestine, it stimulates the absorption of glucose from the intestine.

6. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP): Secreted by I cells in the small intestine, it stimulates the secretion of fluid and electrolytes from the intestine.

Question:

Write short note on the functions of the thyroid hormones.

Answer:

Step 1: Begin by researching the functions of the thyroid hormones.

Step 2: Organize the information gathered into a logical structure.

Step 3: Begin writing the short note by introducing the topic and providing a brief overview of the functions of the thyroid hormones.

Step 4: Expand on each function in detail, providing examples and further information where necessary.

Step 5: Conclude the note by summarizing the key points and emphasizing the importance of the thyroid hormones.

Question:

Give examples of heart rate increasing hormone.

Answer:

Answer:

1. Epinephrine (also known as adrenaline): This hormone is released in response to stress and increases heart rate and blood pressure.
2. Norepinephrine (also known as noradrenaline): This hormone is released in response to stress and increases heart rate and blood pressure.
3. Thyroxine (also known as T4): This hormone is released by the thyroid gland and increases heart rate and cardiac output.
4. Cortisol: This hormone is released in response to stress and increases heart rate and blood pressure.
5. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP): This hormone is released by the heart and increases heart rate and cardiac output.

Question:

Which hormonal deficiency is responsible for the following : (a) Diabetes mellitus (b) Goitre (c) Cretinism

Answer:

(a) Diabetes mellitus: Insulin deficiency

(b) Goitre: Iodine deficiency

(c) Cretinism: Thyroid hormone deficiency

Question:

Give the target gland for Melanotrophin (MSH).

Answer:

1. Melanotrophin (MSH) is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland.

2. The target gland of Melanotrophin (MSH) is the skin.

Question:

Give examples androgens and estrogens.

Answer:

1. Androgens are hormones that are responsible for the development of male secondary sex characteristics. Examples of androgens include testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and androstenedione.

2. Estrogens are hormones that are responsible for the development of female secondary sex characteristics. Examples of estrogens include estradiol, estriol, and estrone.

Question:

Write short on the functions of thymus.

Answer:

1. Research the functions of the thymus.
2. Understand the key functions of the thymus.
3. Brainstorm ideas for how to explain the functions of the thymus in a short format.
4. Organize the information into a logical order.
5. Write a short explanation of the functions of the thymus.

Question:

Give the target gland for gonadotrophins (LH and FSH).

Answer:

Answer: The target gland for gonadotrophins (LH and FSH) is the gonads (ovaries in females and testes in males).

Question:

List the hormone secreted by the atrium.

Answer:

1. Atrium is another name for the heart.

2. The heart secretes hormones such as: -Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) -Adrenomedullin -Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) -Vasopressin -Endothelin-1 -Angiotensin II -Prostaglandin E2 -Thromboxane A2 -Leptin

Question:

Fill in the blanks: Hormones Target gland (a) Hypothalamic hormone …………………………… (b) Thyrotrophin (TSH) …………………………… (c) Corticotrophin (ACTH) …………………………… (d) Gonadotrophins (LH, FSH) …………………………… (e) Melanotrophin (MSH) ……………………………

Answer:

(a) Pituitary gland (b) Thyroid gland (c) Adrenal gland (d) Gonads (ovaries and testes) (e) Pituitary gland

Question:

Write short notes on the functions of the following hormones : (a) Parathyroid hormone (PTH) (b) Thyroid hormone (c) Thymosins (d) Androgens (e) Estrogens (f) Insulin and glucogon

Answer:

a) Parathyroid Hormone (PTH): PTH is a hormone produced by the parathyroid glands that helps regulate calcium and phosphorus in the body. It does this by increasing the absorption of calcium from the diet and decreasing the excretion of calcium from the kidneys. It also stimulates the production of active vitamin D, which helps the body absorb calcium from the diet.

b) Thyroid Hormone: Thyroid hormone is produced by the thyroid gland and plays a major role in regulating metabolism. It helps regulate the body’s energy and growth by controlling the rate at which cells use oxygen and nutrients to produce energy.

c) Thymosins: Thymosins are a group of hormones produced by the thymus gland. They are involved in the development and maturation of the immune system, and they play a role in the body’s ability to fight off infections and diseases.

d) Androgens: Androgens are hormones that are responsible for the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. They are produced primarily by the testes, but they can also be produced in small amounts by the adrenal glands.

e) Estrogens: Estrogens are hormones that are responsible for the development and maintenance of female sex characteristics. They are produced primarily by the ovaries, but they can also be produced in small amounts by the adrenal glands.

f) Insulin and Glucagon: Insulin and glucagon are hormones produced by the pancreas. Insulin helps regulate the body’s blood sugar levels by promoting the uptake of glucose into cells, while glucagon helps raise blood sugar levels by stimulating the release of glucose from the liver.

Question:

Give example(s) of: (a) Hyperglycemic hormone and hypoglycemic hormone (b) Hypercalcemic hormone (c) Gonadotropic hormone (d) Progestational hormone (e) Blood pressure lowering hormone (f) Androgens and estrogens

Answer:

(a) Hyperglycemic hormones: Glucagon, Adrenaline/Epinephrine, Cortisol Hypoglycemic hormones: Insulin

(b) Hypercalcemic hormones: Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

(c) Gonadotropic hormones: Luteinizing hormone (LH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

(d) Progestational hormones: Progesterone

(e) Blood pressure lowering hormone: Angiotensin

(f) Androgens: Testosterone, Dihydrotestosterone Estrogens: Estradiol, Estriol

Question:

Once puberty is reached in girls, ovaries begin to produce the _________.

Answer:

Answer: hormone estrogen

Question:

Mention the target gland for corticotrophin (ACTH) hormone.

Answer:

Answer:

1. The target gland for corticotrophin (ACTH) hormone is the adrenal cortex.

Question:

Which hormonal deficiency is responsible for cretinism?

Answer:

Step 1: Research the definition of cretinism.

Step 2: Research what hormonal deficiencies have been linked to cretinism.

Step 3: Compare the symptoms of the hormonal deficiencies with the symptoms of cretinism to determine which deficiency is responsible.

Question:

List the hormones secreted by pancreas.

Answer:

1. The hormones secreted by the pancreas are:

2. Insulin: helps to regulate blood sugar levels

3. Glucagon: helps to increase blood sugar levels

4. Somatostatin: helps to regulate the release of other hormones

5. Pancreatic polypeptide: helps to regulate appetite and digestion

6. Ghrelin: stimulates hunger

7. Pancreatic lipase: helps to digest fats

8. Amylin: helps to regulate blood sugar levels after eating.

Question:

List the hormones secreted by the following: (a) Hypothalamus (b) Pituitary (c) Thyroid (d) Parathyroid (e) Adrenal (f) Pancreas (g) Testis (h) Ovary (i) Thymus (j) Atrium (k) Kidney (i) G-I Tract

Answer:

(a) Hypothalamus: Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), Oxytocin, Vasopressin

(b) Pituitary: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Growth hormone (GH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH)

(c) Thyroid: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

(d) Parathyroid: Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

(e) Adrenal: Adrenaline (Epinephrine), Cortisol, Aldosterone

(f) Pancreas: Insulin, Glucagon

(g) Testis: Testosterone

(h) Ovary: Estrogen, Progesterone

(i) Thymus: Thymosin, Thymopoietin

(j) Atrium: Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

(k) Kidney: Erythropoietin

(l) G-I Tract: Gastrin, Secretin, Ghrelin, Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question:

The Giant lay dead, all covered with white blossoms. What does this sentence indicate about the once selfish Giant

Answer:

This sentence indicates that the Giant was once selfish, but has now died and been covered with white blossoms, suggesting that the Giant was redeemed and forgiven for their selfishness.

Question:

Write short notes on the functions of the thymosin.

Answer:

Step 1: Understand the term ’thymosin’. Thymosin is a type of hormone produced by the thymus gland, which is located in the chest behind the breastbone. It plays an important role in the immune system by helping the body produce T-cells, which are responsible for attacking and destroying foreign invaders.

Step 2: Research the functions of thymosin. Thymosin has several important functions, including promoting the development of T-cells, stimulating the production of antibodies, and helping to regulate the immune system. It also plays a role in the development of certain organs, such as the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes.

Step 3: Write short notes on the functions of thymosin. Thymosin is an important hormone produced by the thymus gland that helps to regulate the immune system. It promotes the development of T-cells, stimulates the production of antibodies, and helps to develop certain organs. By doing this, it helps to protect the body from foreign invaders and keep it healthy.

Question:

List the hormones secreted by kidney.

Answer:

1. Renin
2. Erythropoietin
3. Prostaglandin
4. Calcitriol
5. Aldosterone

Question:

List the hormones secreted by ovary.

Answer:

1. The ovary secretes several hormones, including:

2. Estrogen: a hormone that helps regulate the reproductive system and other bodily systems.

3. Progesterone: a hormone that helps prepare the uterus for pregnancy and regulate the menstrual cycle.

4. Androgens: hormones that are responsible for the development of male secondary sex characteristics.

5. Relaxin: a hormone that helps to relax the ligaments of the pelvis during childbirth.

6. Inhibin: a hormone that helps to regulate the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the pituitary gland.

Question:

Diagrammatically indicate the location of the various endocrine glands in our body.

Answer:

Step 1: Draw a diagram of the human body, either from the front or the back.

Step 2: Label the diagram with the names of the endocrine glands and their locations. These glands include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, and ovaries/testes.

Step 3: Using arrows or other symbols, indicate the location of each gland in relation to the other parts of the body. For example, the pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain, the thyroid gland is located in the neck, the parathyroid glands are located near the thyroid, the thymus is located in the chest, the adrenal glands are located on top of the kidneys, the pancreas is located behind the stomach, and the ovaries/testes are located in the pelvic area.

Question:

Explain the role of FSH and LH.

Answer:

1. FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone) and LH (Luteinizing Hormone) are two hormones produced by the pituitary gland in the brain.

2. FSH is responsible for stimulating the growth and maturation of the ovarian follicles in the female reproductive system, as well as the production of estrogen.

3. LH is responsible for stimulating the ovaries to release an egg during ovulation and for the production of progesterone in the second half of the menstrual cycle.

4. FSH and LH work together to regulate the menstrual cycle and to ensure successful ovulation and fertilization.

Question:

Give examples of gonadotrophic hormones.

Answer:

1. Gonadotrophic hormones are hormones that regulate the development, function, and maintenance of the gonads, which are the reproductive organs in both males and females.

2. Examples of gonadotrophic hormones include follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).

Question:

Give the target gland for thyrotrophin (TSH).

Answer:

Answer: The target gland for thyrotrophin (TSH) is the thyroid gland.

Question:

Write short note on functions of insulin and glucagon.

Answer:

Step 1: Introduction: Begin the note by introducing the functions of insulin and glucagon. Explain that insulin and glucagon are hormones produced by the pancreas that play a key role in regulating blood sugar levels.

Step 2: Function of Insulin: Explain that insulin is a hormone produced by beta cells in the pancreas. It helps to regulate the amount of glucose in the blood by promoting the absorption of glucose from the bloodstream into the cells, where it is used for energy.

Step 3: Function of Glucagon: Explain that glucagon is a hormone produced by the alpha cells in the pancreas. It helps to regulate the amount of glucose in the blood by stimulating the liver to release stored glucose into the bloodstream.

Step 4: Conclusion: Summarize the functions of insulin and glucagon. Explain that these hormones play a key role in regulating blood sugar levels, and that an imbalance of either hormone can lead to health complications.

Question:

Define the following: (a) Exocrine gland (b) Endocrine gland (c) Hormone

Answer:

(a) Exocrine gland: An exocrine gland is a gland that secretes its product, such as saliva or sweat, through a duct directly onto an epithelial surface, such as the skin or the gastrointestinal tract.

(b) Endocrine gland: An endocrine gland is a gland that secretes its product, such as hormones, directly into the bloodstream.

(c) Hormone: A hormone is a chemical messenger produced by endocrine glands that regulate the activity of cells or organs in the body. Hormones control many different processes, including metabolism, growth and development, and reproductive functions.

Question:

Match the column. Column I Column II (a) T4​ (i) Hypothalamus (b) PTH (ii) Thyroid (c) GnRH (iii) Pituitary (d) LH (iv) Parathyroid

Answer:

(a) T4 - (ii) Thyroid (b) PTH - (iv) Parathyroid (c) GnRH - (iii) Pituitary (d) LH - (i) Hypothalamus