Differential Equations - Order, Degree, Solution of a Differential Equation (Lecture-01)

An equation involving independent variable x, dependent variable y and derivative of dependent variable with respect to independent variable dydx is called a differential equaitons.

A differentiable equation involving derivatives with respect to single independent variable is called ordinary differentiable equation.

A differentiable equation involving derivatives at least two independent variables and partial derivatives with respect to either of these independents variables is called a partial differentiable equation.

Order of a differential equation is the order of the highest order derivative present in it.

Degree of a differential equaiton is the degree of the highest order derivative present in it after the differential equation has been expressed as a polynomial of derivatives.

Formation of a Differential equaiton

In order to obtain a differential equation whose solution is f(x,y,c,c1,c2,,cn)=0 where c1,c2, c3..cn are n arbitrary constant different it with respect to x,n time s and then eliminate arbitrary constant c1,c2cn from these ( n+1 ) equations.

Solution of a Differential Equation

1. Variable separable form

Consider the equation dydx=f(x)g(y), which can be written as g(y)dy=f(x)dx.

Now integrate both sides we get the solution.

Note: If the equation is of the form dydx=f(ax+by+c), put ax+by+c=z, then convert into variable separable form.

General form of variable separation

If we can write the differential equation in the form f(f1(x,y)d(f1(x,y)+ϕ(f2(x,y)d(f2(x1y)+=0 then each term can be easily integrated separately (Also refer the table given later)

2. Homogeneous Differential Equation

General form is dydx=f(x,y)g(x,y) where f(x,y)g(x,y) is a homogeneous functions of degree zero.

Rule :

  • Put y=vx,dydx=v+xdydx
  • Reduce to variable separable form and then solve.

Note : Equation of the form dydx=dx+by+cAx+By+c where a, b, c, A, B, C are constants.

Solution is

Axy+By22+Cyax22cx=k

3. Linear differential equation
4. Bernoullis differential equation

Note: If n=0, Bernouilli’s equation reduces to linear differential equaiton. If n=1, it reduces to variable separatble for m.

5. Excact differential equation

M(x,y)dx+N(x,y)dy=0 is exact differential equation if My=Nx. Then there exists a function u(x,y) such that M=ux,N=udy, making the differential equation uxdx+uydy=0 with solution u(x,y)=c

i.e. To solve Mdx+Ndy=0

y-constant Mdx++( terms of N not containing x)dy=c

Note : Sometimes a differential equation of the form Mdx+Ndy=0 which is not exact can be reduced to an exact form by multiplying by a suitbale function f(x,y) which is not identically zero. This function f(x,y) is known as integrating factor. We can find integating factors by inspection (Refer the table given later)

Note : Sometimes transformation to the polar coordinates facilitates separation of variables. Remember the following

If x=rcosθ,y=rsinθ

i. xdx+ydy=rdr

ii. xdyydxdθ

iii. dx2+dy2=dr2+r2dθ2

Orthogonal Trajectory

Any curve which meet each member of a given family of curves at right angles is called an orthogonal trajectory of the family.

eg. y=mx is an orthogonal trajectory to the family of curves x2+y2=a2

Working Rule

i. Let f(x,y,c)=0 be the family of curves where c is an arbitary constant

ii. Differentiate given equaiton w.r.t x and eliminate C

iii. Put dxdy for dydx in the equation obtaiend in step (ii) (This is the differential equation of orthogonal trajectories.

iv. Solve this differential equaiton to obtain the orthogonal trajectory.

Differential equation of first order and higher degree

i. Equation solvable for P(=dxdy)

If the equation pn+f1(x,y)pn1+ +fn1(x,y)p+fn(x,y)=0 is solvable for p, then LHS can be written as (pg1(x,y)(pg2(x,y)(pgn(x,y))=0

dydx=g1(x,y),dydx=g2(x,y).,dydx=gn(x,y),

Integrate and find the general solution.

ii. Equations solvable for y

y=f(x,p);p=dydx

Differentiating

dydx=p=F(x,p,dpdx) which is a differential equation of first order containing x and p.Let its solution be ϕ(x,p,c)=0

The final solution is obtained by elminating p between y=f(x,p) and ϕ(x,p,c)=0.

Note : If it is difficult to eliminate p, then express x and y as a function of p.

iii. Equation solvable for x

x=f(y,p)

Differentiating w.r.t. y,

1p=dxdy=g(x,p,dpdx) which is a 1st order D.E. cotaining y and p. Let its solution be ϕ(y,p,c)=0.

Solution is obtained by elimating p between x=f(y,p) and ϕ(y,p,c)=0

Note : If it is difficult to eliminate p, then express x and y as a function of p.

iv. Clarauts Equation

If a first order (any degree) differential equation is first degree in x,y and is expressible in the form y=px+f(p) where p=dydx is called clairauts form.

Its solution is given by y=cx+f(c) which is obtained by replacing p by c.

Geometrical Applications

i. Equation of tangent at P(x,y) is Yy=dydx(Xx)

x and y intercepts of tangents are xydxdy and yxdydx.

Equation of normal at P(x,y) is Yy=dxdy(Xx)

x and y intercepts of normal are x+ydydx and y+xdxdy

iii. Length of tangent PT=|ycosec|=|y1+cos2θ|=|y1+(dydx)2|

iv. Length of normal PN=|ycosecθ(90θ)|=|ysecθ|=|y1+tan2θ||y1+(dydx)2|

v. Length of subtangent ST=|ycotθ|=|ydxdy|

vi. Length of sub normal SN=|ycot(90θ)|=|ytanθ|=|ydydx|

Some standard forms to solve differential equaitons (For finding out the integrating factors by inspection).

1. dx±dy=d(x±y)

2. ydx+xdy=d(xy)

3. ydxxdyy2=d(x/y)

4. xdyydxx2=d(yx)

5. xdyydxx2+y2=d(tan1(yx))

6. ydxxdyx2+y2=d(tan1(xy))

7. xdy+ydxxy=d(log(xy))

8. xdyydxxy=d(logyx)

9. ydxxdyxy=d(logxy)

10. xdx+ydyx2+y2=d(logx2+y2)

11. 2y2xdx2yx2dyy4=d(x2y2)

12. 2x2ydy2xy2dxx4=d(y2x2)

13. (xdy+ydx)x2y2=d(1xy)

14. 2xdx+2ydy=d(x2+y2)

15. dx+dyx+y=d(loge(x+y))

16. xdx+ydxx2+y2=d(12x2+y2)

17. g1(x,y)(g(x,y))n=d(g(x,y))1n1n

18. xn1yn1(nydx+nxdy)=d(xnyn)

19. xdyydxx2y2=d(12log(xyx+y))

20. 1x2y2(xdyydxx)=d(Sin1(yx))

Solved Examples

1. Solution of the differential equation 2ysinxdydx=2sinxcosxy2cosx satisfying y(π2)=1 is

(a) y2=sinx

(b) y=sin2x

(c) y2=cosx+1

(d) None of these

Show Answer

Solution : (2ydydx)sinx+y2cosx=sin2x

ddx(y2sinx)=sin2x

Integrating both sides,

y2sinx=12cos2x+C

Now y(π2)=11sinπ2=12(1)+C

C=12

y2sinx=12(1cos2x)

y2sinx=122sin2x

y2=sinx

Answer. a

2. The solution of y(2x2y+ex)dx(ex+y3)dy=0, if y(0)=1 is

(a) 6ex+4x3y3y33y=0

(b) y2ex4xy3x33=0

(c) x2ex4x3y3xy33x=0

(d) None of these

Show Answer

Solution : yexdxexdy+2x2y2dxy3dy=0

yexdxexdyy2+2x2dxydy=0

d(exy)+2x2dxydy=0

Integrating we get,

exy+2x33y22=C

y(0)=11+012=C gives C=12

exy+2x33y22=12

gives 6ex+4x3y3y33y=0

Answer. a

3. The solution of y5x+yxdydx=0 is

(a) x44+15x5y5=C

(b) x55+14x4y4=C

(c) x5y5+15x4y4=C

(d) None of these

Show Answer

Solution : y5xdx+ydxxdy=0

y3xdx+ydxxdyy2=0

y3xdx+d(xy)=0xdx+1y3d(xy)=0

x4dx+(xy)3d(xy)=0

Integrating we get,

x55+14x4y4=C

Answer. b

4. The solution of xdyx2+y2=(yx2+y21)dx is a) y=xcot(Cx)

(b) cos1(yx)=Cx

(c) y=xtan(Cx)

(d) y2x2=xtan(Cx)

Show Answer

Solution: xdyx2+y2ydxx2+y2=dx

xdyydxx2+y2=dxd(tan1yx)=dx

Integrating tan1yx=x+Cyx=tan(Cx)

y=xtan(Cx)

Answer. c

5. The solution of (y(1+x1)+siny)dx+(x+logex+xcosy)dy=0 is

(a) (1+y1siny)+x1logex=C

(b) y+siny+xylogex=C

(c) xy+ylogex+xsiny=C

(d) None of these

Show Answer

Solution: ydx+yxdx+sinydx+xdy+logexdy+xcosydy=0

(ydx+xdy)+(ydxx+logexdy)+(sinydx+xcosydy)=0

=d(xy)+d(ylogex)+d(xsiny)=0xy+ylogex+xsiny=C

Answer. c

6. Solution of the differential equation {1xy2(xy)2}dx+{x2(xy)21y}dy=0 is

(a) logexy+xyxy=C

(b) xyxy=Cex/y

(c) logexy=C+xyxy

(d) None of these

Show Answer

Solution: dxxdyy+x2dyy2dx(xy)2=0

dxxdyy+dyy2dxx2(1x1y)2=0

Integrating we get

logexlogey11x1y=Clogexy+xyxy=C

Answer. a

Exercise

1. A solution of the differential equation (dydx)2xdydx+y=0 is

(a) y=2

(b) y=2x

(c) y=2x4

(d) y=2x24

Show Answer Answer: c

2. If xdy=y(dx+ydy),y(1)=1 and y(x)>0. Then y(3) is equal to

(a) 3

(b) 2

(c) 1

(d) 0

Show Answer Answer: a

3. Let f(x) be differentible in the interval (0,) such that f(1)=1, and limtxt2f(x)x2f(t)tx=1 for each x>0. Then f(x) is

(a) 13x+2x23

(b) 13x+4x23

(c) 1x+2x2

(d) 1x

Show Answer Answer: a

4.* Tangent is drawn at any point P of a curve which passes through (1,1) cutting x-axis and y-axis at A and B respectively. If BP:AP=3:1, then

(a) differential equation of the curve is 3xdydx+y=0

(b) differential equation of the curve is 3xdydxy=0

(c) curve is passing through (18,2)

(d) normal at (1,1) is x+3y=4

Show Answer Answer: b, c

5.* Let y=f(x) be a curve passing through (1,1) such that the triangle formed by the coordinate axes and the tangent at any point of the curve lies in the first quadrant has area 2 units. Then the possible curves are

(a) x+y=2

(b) xy=1

(c) xy=2

(d) xy=1

Show Answer Answer: a, b

6. A curve passing through the point (1,1) has the property that the perpendicular distance of the origin from the normal at any point P of the curve is equal to the distance of P from the x-axis. Equation of the curve is

(a) x2+y2=2x

(b) x2+y2=2x

(c) x2y2=2x

(d) none of these

Show Answer Answer: b

7. Let f:RR be a continuous function, which satisfies f(x)=0xf(t)dt. Then the value of f(loge5) is

(a) 0

(b) 1

(c) 5

(d) none of these

Show Answer Answer: a

8. If the function f(x)=x3+ex/2 and g(x)=f1(x), then the value of g1(1)

(a) 12

(b) 2

(c) 0

(d) none of these

Show Answer Answer: b

9. Match the following :-

Column I Column II
(a) The differential equation formed by (p) O+2D=5
differentating and eliminating constants from
y=asin2x+bcos2x+csin2x+dcos2x,
where a,b,c,d are constants. If order and
degree of the differental equation represened (q) 2O+3D=5
by O and D, then
(b) The order and degree of the differential (r) O=D
equation, whose general solution is given by
y=(c1+c2)sin(x+c3)c4ex+c5+c6 where c1,c2,c3,c4,c5,c6
are arbitrary constants, are O and D, then (s) 2+3D=11
(c) The order and degree of the differential
equation satisfying
1+x2+1+y2=A(x1+y2+y1+x2)
are O and D, then (t) OD+D=4
Show Answer Answer: ap,s,t;bp,s,t;cq,r

10. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow :The differential equation y=px+f(p)... (1) where p=dydx, is known as Clairout’s equation. To solve equation (1), differentiate it w.r.t. x which gives either dpdx=0p=c (2) or x+f1(p)=0

Note : (a) If p is eliminated between polution (1) \& (2) the solution obtained is a general solution of (1)

(b) If p is eliminated between (1) \& (3) then solution obtained does not contain any arbitrary constant and is not particular solution of (1). This solution a called singular solution of (1).

i. Which of the following is about solutions of differential equation y=xy1+1+(y1)2

(a) The general solution of equation is family of parabolas.

(b) The general solution of equation is family of circles.

(c) The singular solution of equation is circle.

(d) The singular solution of equation is ellipse.

ii. The number of solutions of the equation f(x)=1 and the singular solution of the equation y= xdydx+(dydx)2 is

(a) 1

(b) 2

(c) 4

(d) 0

iii. The singular solution of the differential equation y=mx+mm3 where, m=dydx passes through the point

(a) (0,0)

(b) (0,1)

(c) (1,0)

(d) (1,0)

Show Answer Answer: (i) c, (ii) b, (iii) d