Reproduction in Organisms
EXERCISES
1. Why is reproduction essential for organisms?
Answer Reproduction is a fundamental feature of all living organisms. It is a biological process through which living organisms produce offspring’s similar to them. Reproduction ensures the continuance of various species on the Earth. In the absence of reproduction, the species will not be able to exist for a long time and may soon get extinct.Show Answer
Answer Sexual reproduction is a better mode of reproduction. It allows the formation of new variants by the combination of the DNA from two different individuals, typically one of each sex. It involves the fusion of the male and the female gamete to produce variants, which are not identical to their parents and to themselves. This variation allows the individual to adapt to constantly changing and challenging environments. Also, it leads to the evolution of better suited organisms which ensures greater survival of a species. On the contrary, asexual reproduction allows very little or no variation at all. As a result, the individuals produced are exact copies of their parents and themselves.Show Answer
Answer A clone is a group of morphologically and genetically identical individuals. In the process of asexual reproduction, only one parent is involved and there is no fusion of the male and the female gamete. As a result, the offsprings so produced are morphologically and genetically similar to their parents and are thus, called clones.Show Answer
Answer Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of the male and the female gamete. This fusion allows the formation of new variants by the combination of the DNA from two (usually) different members of the species. The variations allow the individuals to adapt under varied environmental conditions for better chances of survival. However, it is not always necessary that the offspring produced due to sexual reproduction has better chances of survival. Under some circumstances, asexual reproduction is more advantageous for certain organisms. For example, some individuals who do not move from one place to another and are well settled in their environment. Also, asexual reproduction is a fast and a quick mode of reproduction which does not consume much time and energy as compared to sexual reproduction.Show Answer
AnswerShow Answer
Progeny formed from asexual reproduction
Progeny formed from sexual reproduction
1.Asexual reproduction does not involve the fusion
of the male and the female gamete. Organisms
undergoing this kind of reproduction produce
offsping’s that are morphologically and
genetically identical to them.Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of the
male and the female gamete of two individuals,
typically one of each sex. Organisms undergoing
this kind of reproduction produce offspring’s that
are not identical to them.
2.
Offsprings thus produced do not show variations
and are called clones.Offspring’s thus produced show variations from
each other and their parents.
AnswerShow Answer
Sexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction
$\mathbf{1}$
It involves the fusion of the male and female
gamete.It does not involves the fusion of the male and
the female gamete
2.
It requires two (usually) different individuals.
It requires only one individual.
3.
The individuals produced are not identical to their
parents and show variations from each other and
also, from their parents.The individuals produced are identical to the
parent and are hence, called clones.
Answer Vegetative propagation is a mode of asexual reproduction in which new plants are obtained from the vegetative parts of plants. It does not involve the production of seeds or spores for the propagation of new plants. Vegetative parts of plants such as runners, rhizomes, suckers, tubers, etc. can be used as propagules for raising new plants. Examples of vegetative reproduction are: The surface of a potato has several buds called eyes. Each of these buds when buried in soil develops into a new plant, which is identical to the parent plant. The leaves of Bryophyllum plants bear several adventitious buds on their margins. These leaf buds have the ability to grow and develop into tiny plants when the leaves get detached from the plant and come in contact with moist soil.Show Answer
1. Eyes of potato:
2. Leaf buds of Bryophyllum:
(a) Juvenile phase
(b) Reproductive phase
(c) Senescent phase
Answer (a) Juvenile phase: It is the period of growth in an individual organism after its birth and before it reaches reproductive maturity. (b) Reproductive phase: It is the period when an individual organism reproduces sexually. (c) Senescent phase: It is the period when an organism grows old and loses the ability to reproduce.Show Answer
Answer Although sexual reproduction involves more time and energy, higher organisms have resorted to sexual reproduction in spite of its complexity. This is because this mode of reproduction helps introduce new variations in progenies through the combination of the DNA from two (usually) different individuals. These variations allow the individual to cope with various environmental conditions and thus, make the organism better suited for the environment. Variations also lead to the evolution of better organisms and therefore, provide better chances of survival. On the other hand, asexual reproduction does not provide genetic differences in the individuals produced.Show Answer
Answer Meiosis is a process of reductional division in which the amount of genetic material is reduced. Gametogenesis is the process of the formation of gametes. Gametes produced by organisms are haploids (containing only one set of chromosomes), while the body of an organism is diploid. Therefore, for producing haploid gametes (gametogenesis), the germ cells of an organism undergo meiosis. During the process, the meiocytes of an organism undergo two successive nuclear and cell divisions with a single cycle of DNA replication to form the haploid gametes.Show Answer
(a)Ovary ____________
Answer Diploid (2n) (b)Anther ____________ Answer Diploid (2n) (c)Egg ____________ Answer Haploid (n) (d)Pollen ____________ Answer Haploid (n) (e)Male gamete ____________ Answer Haploid (n) (f)Zygote ____________ Answer Diploid (2n)Show Answer
Answer External fertilization is the process in which the fusion of the male and the female gamete takes place outside the female body in an external medium, generally water. Fish, frog, starfish are some organisms that exhibit external fertilization. In external fertilization, eggs have less chances of fertilization. This can lead to the wastage of a large number of eggs produced during the process. Further, there is an absence of proper parental care to the offspring, which results in a low rate of survival in the progenies.Show Answer
Disadvantages of external fertilization:
AnswerShow Answer
Zoospore
Zygote
1.
A zoospore is a motile asexual spore that utilizes
the flagella for movement.A zygote is a non-motile diploid cell formed as
a result of fertilization.
2.
It is an asexual reproductive structure.
It is formed as a result of sexual reproduction.
AnswerShow Answer
Gametogenesis
Embryogenesis
It is the process of the formation of haploid male and
female gametes from diploid meiocytes through the
process of meiosis.It is the process of the development of the
embryo from the repeated mitotic divisions of
the diploid zygote.
Answer Fertilization is the process of the fusion of the male and the female gamete to form a diploid zygote. After fertilization, the zygote divides several times to form an embryo. The fertilized ovule forms a seed. The seed contains an embryo, enclosed in a protective covering, called the seed coat. As the seed grows further, other floral parts wither and fall off. This leads to the growth of the ovary, which enlarges and ripens to become a fruit with a thick wall called the pericarp.Show Answer
Answer A flower that contains both the male and female reproductive structure (stamen and pistil) is called a bisexual flower. Examples of plants bearing bisexual flowers are: (1) Water lily ( Nymphaea odorata) (2) Rose (Rosa multiflora) (3) Hibiscus (Hibiscus Rosa-sinensis ) (4) Mustard ( Brassica nigra) (5) Petunia (Petunia hybrida)Show Answer
Answer Cucurbit plant bears unisexual flowers as these flowers have either the stamen or the pistil. The staminate flowers bear bright, yellow coloured petals along with stamens that represent the male reproductive structure. On the other hand, the pistillate flowers bear only the pistil that represents the female reproductive structure. Other examples of plants that bear unisexual flowers are corn, papaya, cucumber, etc.Show Answer
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Answer
Oviparous animals lay eggs outside their body. As a result, the eggs of these animals are under continuous threat from various environmental factors. On the other hand, in viviparous animals, the development of the egg takes place inside the body of the female. Hence, the offspring of an egg-laying or oviparous animal is at greater risk as compared to the offspring of a viviparous animal, which gives birth to its young ones.
