Answer

(a) Lower the taxa, more are the characteristic that the members within the taxon share. So, lowest taxon share the maximum number of morphological similarities, while its similarities decrease as we move towards the higher hierarchy, i.e., class, kingdom.

Thus, rest of the option are incorrect.

• (b) The number of common characteristics will not increase as we move from species to kingdom because higher taxonomic levels (like kingdom) encompass a broader range of organisms with fewer shared characteristics compared to lower levels (like species).

• (c) The number of common characteristics will not remain the same because as we move up the taxonomic hierarchy, the groups become more inclusive and diverse, leading to fewer shared characteristics.

• (d) The number of common characteristics will not fluctuate (may increase or decrease) because there is a consistent trend of decreasing common characteristics as we move from species to kingdom.

Thinking Process

Biological classification of organism is a process by which any living organism is classified into convenient categories based on some common observable characters. The categories are known as taxons.

Answer

(c) The name of a family, a taxon, in plants always end with suffixes aceae, e.g., Solanaceae, Cannaceae and Poaceae.

Ales suffix is used for taxon ‘order’ while ae suffix is used for taxon ‘class’ and onae suffixes are not used at all in any of the taxons.

• The suffix -Ales is used for the taxonomic category of ‘order’ in plants, not ‘family’.
• The suffix -Onae is not used at all in any of the taxonomic categories in plants.
• The suffix -Ae is used for the taxonomic category of ‘class’ in plants, not ‘family’.

Thinking Process

The planet earth is full of variety of different forms of life. The number of species that are named and described are between 1.7-1.8 million. As we explore new areas, new organisms are continuously being identified, named and described on scientific basis of systematics laid down by taxonomists.

Answer

(c) The word systematics is derived from Latin word ‘Systema’ which means systematic arrangement of organisms. Linnaeus used ‘Systema Naturae’ as a title of his publication. It deals with the diversity of organisms and their relationship at every level of classification.

• (a) Systematics does not specifically refer to the identification and study of organ systems; it is broader and encompasses the classification and relationships of organisms.
• (b) While systematics may involve the identification of plants and animals, it is not primarily focused on their preservation.
• (d) Systematics is not primarily concerned with the study of habitats of organisms; it focuses on the classification and relationships among different kinds of organisms.

Answer

(c) Genus comprises a group of closely related species which has more characters in common in comparison to species of other genera. The other options do not define genus.

• (a) An individual plant or animal is referred to as a species, not a genus. A genus encompasses multiple species, not just one individual.
• (b) A collection of plants or animals is too broad and non-specific. It does not capture the taxonomic grouping that a genus represents, which is specifically a group of closely related species.
• (d) “None of the above” is incorrect because option (c) correctly defines a genus as a group of closely related species.

Answer

(c) Division includes classes with few similar characters of group of organism. It is equivalent to ‘Phylum’ in case of animals.

• Class: In the classification hierarchy, ‘Class’ is a rank below ‘Phylum’ (or ‘Division’ in plants) and above ‘Order’. It groups organisms that share more specific similarities than those grouped at the ‘Phylum’ or ‘Division’ level. Therefore, ‘Class’ is not equivalent to ‘Phylum’ in animals.

• Order: ‘Order’ is a rank below ‘Class’ and above ‘Family’. It groups organisms that share even more specific similarities than those grouped at the ‘Class’ level. Hence, ‘Order’ is not equivalent to ‘Phylum’ in animals.

• Family: ‘Family’ is a rank below ‘Order’ and above ‘Genus’. It groups organisms that share very specific similarities, more so than those grouped at the ‘Order’ level. Therefore, ‘Family’ is not equivalent to ‘Phylum’ in animals.

Answer

(c) Botanical gardens and Zoological parks are used to restore depleted population, reintroduce species, i.e., wild and restore degraded habitats of both exotic and endemic living species. Rest of the options are incorrect.

• (a) collection of endemic living species only: This option is incorrect because botanical gardens and zoological parks do not exclusively focus on endemic species. They also house exotic species from different parts of the world.

• (b) collection of exotic living species only: This option is incorrect because botanical gardens and zoological parks do not exclusively focus on exotic species. They also house endemic species native to the local region.

• (d) collection of only local plants and animals: This option is incorrect because botanical gardens and zoological parks do not exclusively focus on local plants and animals. They also include exotic species from various regions.

Thinking Process

Correct identification of any living organism is important in biological classification and nomenclature. It requires some reference of already named and classified organism to check the similarity and dissimilarity of newly discovered organism.

Answer

(c) Taxonomic keys are tools that help in identification of organism based on the characters, which includes both monograph and flora.

• (a) Monographs: While monographs are detailed written studies on a single specialized subject or an aspect of it, they are not solely prepared using taxonomic keys. Monographs may include comprehensive information from various sources, not just taxonomic keys.

• (b) Flora: Flora refers to the plant life occurring in a particular region or time, generally the naturally occurring or indigenous plant life. While taxonomic keys are used in the identification of plants within a flora, the preparation of a flora involves more than just the use of taxonomic keys. It includes extensive fieldwork, collection, and documentation of plant species.

• (d) None of these: This option is incorrect because taxonomic keys are indeed used in the preparation of both monographs and flora, as they assist in the identification and classification of organisms.

Answer

(b) All living organisms share common genetic material, i.e., DNA but with variations, e.g., bacteria have single stranded circular DNA while in highly evolved eukaryotic cells of plants and animals DNA is a long double stranded helix.

• (a) While it is true that all living organisms have genetic material, it is not of the same type. For example, bacteria have single-stranded circular DNA, whereas eukaryotic cells have long double-stranded helical DNA.
• (c) Not all living organisms have the same cellular organization. For instance, prokaryotic cells (like bacteria) lack a defined nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, whereas eukaryotic cells (like those of plants and animals) have a well-defined nucleus and organelles.
• (d) Since options (a) and (c) are incorrect, this option, which includes both, is also incorrect.

Answer

(d) Response to external stimuli or to the environment in which an organism lives, is the most important characteristic of any living organism, besides growth and reproduction.

Growth and ability to make sound are some properties that can also be observed in non-living things. While virus (which is not included under living organisms) also show growth and reproduction.

Hence, these options are not true.

• Growth: Growth can also be observed in non-living things, such as crystals or mountains, which can increase in size over time due to external factors. Therefore, growth alone is not a defining characteristic of living organisms.

• Ability to make sound: The ability to make sound is not exclusive to living organisms. Non-living objects, such as musical instruments or machinery, can also produce sound. Hence, this is not a defining characteristic of living organisms.

• Reproduction: While reproduction is a key characteristic of living organisms, it is not exclusive to them. For example, viruses, which are not considered fully living organisms, can reproduce by hijacking the machinery of host cells. Therefore, reproduction alone is not a definitive characteristic of living organisms.

Answer

(b) The all options show the classification of the plant-potato-Solanum tuberosum.

The correct options matching with the columns represent the taxonomic classification of plant potato are

Explanation:

A. Family (Solanaceae) matches with 5.

B. Kingdom (Plantae) matches with 4.

C. Order (Solanales) matches with 2.

D. Species (tuberosum) matches with 1.

E. Genus (Solanum) matches with 3.

Answer

Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778), a Swedish botanist is regarded as Father of Plant Taxonomy. He published his work in book Genera Plantarum in (1737). Other two botanist are $\mathbf{G}$ Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker. Both are famous for their work on classification of plants based on natural characteristics.

Answer

ICZN stand for International Code of Zoological Nomenclature It ensures that scientific name assigned to any animal has only one name and will be recognised by that name all over the world by scientific community.

Thinking Process

The renowned taxonomist have already named and classified a good number of known biological objects. Their character and phylogeny has already been documented and is available for further reference to help in the identification of newly discovered biological objects.

Answer

Couplet is a pair of contrasting characters used as tool for identification key to help in identification of newly discovered organism.

Answer

Monograph is a specialist work of writing or information on a particular taxon, i.e., family or genus or on aspect of subject, usually by a single author. Main purpose of monograph is to present primary research and original work and thus is non-serial publication, complete in one book (volume) of a finite number of volumes.

Answer

Amoeba multiplies by simple mitotic cell divisions giving rise to two daughter Amoebae. Here, the growth is synchronous with reproduction, i.e., increase in number.

Answer

Metabolism is total sum of all biological reactions occurring in any living cell, which are absolutely controlled by enzymes. These reactions are of two types breaking down reactions (catabolism, e.g., cell respiration) and synthesing reactions (anabolism, e.g., photosynthesis).

Thinking Process

A botanical garden is dedicated to collection, cultivation and display of wide range of plants labelled with their botanical names. Try to find out International and National Botanical Gardens.

Answer

The largest botanical garden in the world is Royal Botanical Garden (RBG, Kew, London) The famous well known botanical gardens in India are

(i) Indian Botanical Garden, Sibpur, Kolkata.

(ii) Lloyd Botanical Garden, Darjeeling.

(iii) Botanical Garden of FRI, Dehradun (UK).

(iv) National Botanical Garden (NBG) Lucknow, UP.

Thinking Process

Think about living and non-living objects around you. Try out to make differences between them. Living organisms grow, have metabolism and respond to external stimuli and also reproduce. These characteristics are not shown by non-living objects.

Answer

Growth in biological terms is characteristic feature of all living organisms. It relates to increase in size by accumulation of protoplasm in the cell thus results in increase in size of the cell. Whereas increase in number of cell by cell division results is the size of individual organism.

Snow is an inanimate (non-living) object, while rolling over snow, it gathers more snow on its surface thus, it increases in size by physical phenomenon but not by biological phenomenon. So, this growth cannot be compared to that seen in living organisms.

Answer

In a given habitat, there are existing 20 plant species and 20 animal species. They will of course exhibit the biodiversity of that given habitat because diversity refers to variation in a broad term and can be applied to any area. Whereas biodiversity is a degree of variation of life forms within a specified area.

Thinking Process

There are 1.7-1.8 million known living organisms in the world, out of which there are 422,000 known species of plants.

ICBN provides the scientifically agreed principles and criteria for identification, classification and scientific nomenclature, discuss taxonomic hierarchy while classifying any plant.

Answer

ICBN has specified certain rules and principles is order to facilitate the study of plants by botanists. It helps in correct positioning of any newly discovered organism through proper identification and nomenclature.

Given below is the taxonomic hierarchy, which is used while classifying any plant

Kingdom-Plantae

Division-phyta

Class-ae

Order-ales

Family-eae/ceae

Genus-First name of organism usually carrying Latin word and written in italics.

Species-Second word of scientific name, also written in italics.

Answer

These variants are called biotypes. It is a group of genetically similar plants showing similarity when grown in same environmental and geographical regions. The same environment provide them the similar abiotic factors like soil, $\mathrm{pH}$, temperature, etc.

When they are grown in two different geographical regions, they are exposed to different abiotic characters thus, it affects their growth and development bringing changes in their external morphological features but, they have the same genetic constitution.

Thinking Process

Herbarium is a collection of preserved plant specimen, which are often used as reference material in describing plant taxa.

Answer

For preservation of plant material on a herbarium sheet the following tools and steps are required to be followed.

Tools Digger and pruning knife, sickle with long handle, vasculum, polythene bags, magazines or newspapers, blotting papers, plant press, field notebook, herbarium sheets, glue, labels, small transparent polythene bags.

One can prepare herbarium sheets by cutting papers of size $29 \times 41.5 \mathrm{~cm}\left(11 \frac{1}{2} \times 16 \frac{1}{2}\right)^{\mathrm{n}}$.

The preparation of a herbarium specimen required following steps

(i) Collection of plant or plant parts.

(ii) Pressing It involves the spreading and pressing of collected specimen over a newspaper so as to preserve its all parts.

(iii) Drying It involves the drying of the specimen between the folds of newspaper.

(iv) Poisoning Antifungal (dipping in 2 % $HgCl_{2}$ ) and pesticidal (DDT) treatment of the dried specimen.

(v) Mounting It involves mounting of the specimen over a herbarium sheet.

(vi) Labelling and identification of the dried specimen are the last steps, while preparing a herbarium sheet.

Tools/equipments required for the collection of herbarium specimens are as follows

(i) A tin or aluminium container of $50 \times 30 \times 15 \mathrm{~cm}$ size.

(ii) Collection bags/plastic/polythene bags.

(iii) Digger for digging roots.

(iv) Magnifying lens of at least $10 \mathrm{X}$ magnification.

(v) Field note book.

A preserved plant material on the herbarium sheet may provide information about the family, genus, species, date of collection, area of collection, etc., for taxonomic studies.

Answer

The difference between flora, fauna and vegetation are as below

The terms exotic and endemic refers to

Thinking Process

Single plant may be known by many common names in a region or even universally or single name may be given to many plants. Think the importance of scientific method of identification, nomenclature and classification of plants.

Answer

There is a need to standardise the naming of living organisms such that a particular organism is known by the same name all over the world. Botanists have solved this problem by setting International Code for Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN).

Scientific naming ensures that each organism has only one name in any part of the world. ICBN ensures that such name has not been used for any other organism.

Each name has two components the generic name and the specific epithet. This system of naming is called bionomial nomenclature given by Carolus Linnaeus. e.g., mango has the scientific name Mangifera indica and potato is known as Solanum tuberosum.

Thinking Process

Genus (plural genera) is a taxonomic rank used in bionomial nomenclature. It comprises of a group of related species sharing few common characters. Discuss common characters of Solanum exhibited by brinjal and potato.

Answer

Solanum is the largest genus of flowering plants which includes few economically important plants, e.g., potato, tomato and brinjal. All these plants show some common morphological structures related to vegetative and reproductive similarities. So, they have the same common name of genus Solanum.

Answer

Cell, the basic structural and functional unit is composed of many cell organelles, i.e., ER, Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts etc., each with a specific function. Each of these organcells are made up of various moleclules such as proteins, lipids, enzymes, metallic ions like $\mathrm{Mg}^{2+}, \mathrm{Ca}^{2+}, \mathrm{Mn}^{2+}, \mathrm{Na}^{+}$etc, which helps in the functioning of cell organelles.

e.g., molecular constituents like proteins (60-70%), lipids (25-30%), RNA (5-7%) DNA, Mn ${ }^{2+}$ ETS, ATP synthase, etc. found in mitochondria function togather in a coordinated way to carry out cellular respiration and release energy, thus making it power house of cell. Thus, the molecular constituents of a cell organelle, forms the basis of its functioning irrespective of its individual molecular properties.

Thinking Process

Change is law of nature. Nothing is constant or forever in the world. There are approximately 5-7 million living organism of which nearly 1.2-1.5 million have been scientifically described. Imply the role of sexual reproduction and evolution in evolving a new species. Simultaneously factors like environmental threats, loss of habitat etc., are continuously depleting the different life forms.

Answer

The number and kind of organism is not constant, because of the following reasons Mechanisms adding new organisms by

(i) Sexual reproduction

(ii) Mutation

(iii) Evolution

Mechanisms reduing the number of organisms are

(i) Environmental threats

(ii) Loss of habitat

(iii) Anthropogenic activities

Answer

The living organism exhibit distinctive characteristics, which are as follows

(i) Growth All living organisms grow in size as well as in number. Plants show growth all through their life whereas animals up to a certain growth period after which growth ceases.

(ii) Reproduction The process of reproduction is essential for the continuity of life on earth. Every organism whether unicelluar or multicellular gives rise to an individual of its own kind. Lower organisms usually reproduce asexually, e.g., Hydra, fungi, yeast, etc.

Sexual reproduction is found in advanced group of organisms, which involves two parents. In Amoeba growth and reproduction however is synonymous.

(iii) Metabolism There are thousands of enzymatically controlled reactions occurring in all living cells. These are synthesising (anabolic) and breaking down (catabolic) reactions. Hence, it is the most important characteristic of living organisms.

(iv) Response to stimuli Consciousness and response to stimulus is the defining property of all living organisms. Plants respond to light, water temperature. Unicellular organisms also sense their environment and respond accordingly.

(v) Cellular organisation The cellular organisation of the body is the defining feature of life forms. Cells work together in hierarchial manner group of cells make tissues, tissues make organs, organs make systems, systems when work in co-ordination form an individual.

So, we can say living organisms are self replicating, evolving and capable of responding to external stimuli.

Answer

Newly discovered plant can be identified with the help of taxonomic keys, herbaria, monographs and preserved plant specimen.

The scientist has to study the morphological and anatomical characters of the plants/plant parts, compare the characteristic features with the similar information available in the scientific literature and after that he can decide the exact systematic position of the plant, name it according to the rules of binomial nomenclature and fix it’s systemic position.

Answer

Brassica campestris Linn

(a) Common name of the plant is mustard.

(b) The first part of the name denotes the generic name and the second part is the species name of the plant.

(c) According to ICBN, all scientific names are comprised of one generic name followed by a species name, which have to be written in italics always. It is a rule of bionomial nomenclature.

(d) Linn means Linnaeus was the first to discover the plant. He identified, named and classified the plant, so credit is given to him by adding suffix ‘Linn’, after the scientific name B. campestris Linn.

Answer

The taxonomic aids are the aids which help in identification, classification and naming of a newly discovered organisms (plant or animal).

It could be in the form of preserved document like herbaria or specimen kept at museums or scientific institutions. Other aids can be in the form of written document like monograph, taxonomic keys, couplets, etc.

A new organism found can be studied while comparing it with living plants and animals living in protected areas like Botanical gardens, Zoological parks, etc.

Botanical gardens helps in conservation of plants by

(i) Growing important local plant species and keeping record of them.

(ii) Growing and maintaining rare and endangered species.

(iii) Supplying seeds for different aspects of botanical research.

Whereas zoological parks also contribute in conserving biodiversity by

(i) Providing natural environment and open space to animals, i.e., wild life species.

(ii) Keeping them safe from their predators ensuring protection, food and shelter.

(iii) Providing home to different native and exotic wild animals.

(iv) Involving in the rescue of endangered species.

(v) Facilitating breeding of animals and releasing them free.

Thus, both botanical gardens and zoological parks play an important role in conservation of biodiversity.

Answer

Taxon is a scientific term used for different categories of classification.

Taxonomic hierarchy is position of different taxonomic categories is ascending order, which describes the complete systematic position of any living organism.

Given below is the flow diagram of taxonomic hierarchy

As we move up in the taxonomic hierarchy the number of shared characters become less.

Answer

Identification of a plant is a scientific process. One has to study the general morphological characters along with its habitat, place of collection, time of flowering, etc., for identification. Several reference materials are available in the form of taxonomic keys. Professor meant to refer to these keys to help the student to identify the plant.

This concept of key was introduced by Ray. Separate taxonomic keys are required for each taxonomic category. Keys are analytical in nature and are used as reference to help in identification of a newly discovered plant.

Answer

Metabolism is the sum of all synthesing (anabolic) and breaking down (catabolic) reactions. These are highly specific and enzymatically controlled reactions, which take place inside all the individual cells of unicellular or multicellular organisms.

These are infact the basis of life. These reactions help organism to grow, reproduce, maintain their steady state and respond to stimuli. It can be understood by taking example of digestion.

All organisms need nutrition in the form of food, which is digested by metabolic reactions either intracellularly or extracellularly depending upon the type of organisms. So, all reactions which help the organisms to breakdown food molecules and then assimilate them for their growth and reproduction are metabolic reactions.

Few reactions may be performed outside the cells, under controlled conditions, Chemical reactions usually involve specific set of conditions to take place. All biological reactions are highly specific, selective and are enzyme catalysed.

Answer

Consciousness is a defining property of all living organisms. Whereas coma is profound or deep state of unconsciousness lasting more than six hours, in which person can not be awakened, fails to respond normally to painful stimuli, light or sound.

Such person exhibit complete absence of awakefulness and unable to consciously feel, speak, hear or move. Such person is brain dead and we consider such person as living dead.

Thinking Process

Daal as a whole grain is a seed of a leguminous plant. Seed is a miniature plant, which when given suitable conditions, germinate and develop into a plant. Discuss structure of a seed viability and process of germination in terms of metabolism and growth.

Answer

The similarity and dissimilarity between whole moong daal and broken moong daal is as follows

So, we can conclude that broken moong daal does not have viable embryo so does not germinate and does not show any metabolism and growth, but it has great nutritive value as it has good amount of protein and minerals.

Thinking Process

The cell is structural and functional unit of life. Cellular organisation of the body is the defining feature of life forms which involves interactions at molecular, cell, tissue and organ level in a living organism.

Answer

Cell in any multicellular organism is the smallest functional living entity. When many morphologically and functionally similar cells start functioning as a group. They form a tissue, which makes an organ performing a special function.

e.g., properties of tissues of stomach and intestine of digestive system is a co-ordinated function of different tissues to perform the functions of digestion of food material. So, this property of digestion is the property of tissues and the organ, i.e., stomach, but not the property of individual cells which make the tissue and organ of the digestive system.

Similarly, many neurons make nervous system and muscles make muscular system, but individual nerve cell/muscle cell can not perform the function of control, coordination and locomotion.