Answer

(a) Zero net force

The rain drop is falling with a constant speed. Hence, it acceleration is zero. As per Newton’s second law of motion, the net force acting on the rain drop is zero.

(b) Zero net force

The weight of the cork is acting downward. It is balanced by the buoyant force exerted by the water in the upward direction. Hence, no net force is acting on the floating cork.

(c) Zero net force

The kite is stationary in the sky, i.e., it is not moving at all. Hence, as per Newton’s first law of motion, no net force is acting on the kite.

(d) Zero net force

The car is moving on a rough road with a constant velocity. Hence, its acceleration is zero. As per Newton’s second law of motion, no net force is acting on the car.

(e) Zero net force

The high speed electron is free from the influence of all fields. Hence, no net force is acting on the electron.

Answer

$0.5 N$, in vertically downward direction, in all cases

Acceleration due to gravity, irrespective of the direction of motion of an object, always acts downward. The gravitational force is the only force that acts on the pebble in all three cases. Its magnitude is given by Newton’s second law of motion as:

$F=m \times a$

Where,

$F=$ Net force

$m=$ Mass of the pebble $=0.05 kg$

$a=g=10 m / s^{2}$

$\therefore F=0.05 \times 10=0.5 N$

The net force on the pebble in all three cases is $0.5 N$ and this force acts in the downward direction.

If the pebble is thrown at an angle of $45^{\circ}$ with the horizontal, it will have both the horizontal and vertical components of velocity. At the highest point, only the vertical component of velocity becomes zero. However, the pebble will have the horizontal component of velocity throughout its motion. This component of velocity produces no effect on the net force acting on the pebble.

Answer

(a) $1 N$; vertically downward

Mass of the stone, $m=0.1 kg$

Acceleration of the stone, $a=g=10 m / s^{2}$

As per Newton’s second law of motion, the net force acting on the stone,

$F=m a=m g$

$=0.1 \times 10=1 N$

Acceleration due to gravity always acts in the downward direction.

(b) $1 N$; vertically downward

The train is moving with a constant velocity. Hence, its acceleration is zero in the direction of its motion, i.e., in the horizontal direction. Hence, no force is acting on the stone in the horizontal direction.

The net force acting on the stone is because of acceleration due to gravity and it always acts vertically downward. The magnitude of this force is $1 N$.

(c) $1 N$; vertically downward

It is given that the train is accelerating at the rate of $1 m / s^{2}$.

Therefore, the net force acting on the stone, $F=m a=0.1 \times 1=0.1 N$

This force is acting in the horizontal direction. Now, when the stone is dropped, the horizontal force $F$, stops acting on the stone. This is because of the fact that the force acting on a body at an instant depends on the situation at that instant and not on earlier situations.

Therefore, the net force acting on the stone is given only by acceleration due to gravity.

$F=m g=1 N$

This force acts vertically downward.

(d) $0.1 N$; in the direction of motion of the train

The weight of the stone is balanced by the normal reaction of the floor. The only acceleration is provided by the horizontal motion of the train.

Acceleration of the train, $a=0.1 m / s^{2}$

The net force acting on the stone will be in the direction of motion of the train. Its magnitude is given by:

$F=m a$

$=0.1 \times 1=0.1 N$

Answer

(i)

When a particle connected to a string revolves in a circular path around a centre, the centripetal force is provided by the tension produced in the string. Hence, in the given case, the net force on the particle is the tension $T$, i.e.,

$F=T-\frac{m v^{2}}{l}$

Where $F$ is the net force acting on the particle.

Answer

Retarding force, $F=-50 N$

Mass of the body, $m=20 kg$

Initial velocity of the body, $u=15 m / s$

Final velocity of the body, $v=0$

Using Newton’s second law of motion, the acceleration (a) produced in the body can be calculated as:

$ \begin{aligned} & F=m a \\ & -50=20 \times a \\ & \therefore a=\frac{-50}{20}=-2.5 m / s^{2} \end{aligned} $

Using the first equation of motion, the time $(t)$ taken by the body to come to rest can be calculated as:

$v=u+a t$

$\therefore t=\frac{-u}{a}=\frac{-15}{-2.5}=6 s$

Answer

$0.18 N$; in the direction of motion of the body

Mass of the body, $m=3 kg$

Initial speed of the body, $u=2 m / s$

Final speed of the body, $v=3.5 m / s$

Time, $t=25 s$

Using the first equation of motion, the acceleration (a) produced in the body can be calculated as:

$ \begin{aligned} & v=u+a t \\ & \therefore a=\frac{v-u}{t} \\ & \quad=\frac{3.5-2}{25}=\frac{1.5}{25}=0.06 m / s^{2} \end{aligned} $

As per Newton’s second law of motion, force is given as:

$ F=m a $

$=3 \times 0.06=0.18 N$

Since the application of force does not change the direction of the body, the net force acting on the body is in the direction of its motion.

Answer

$2 m / s^{2}$, at an angle of $37^{\circ}$ with a force of $8 N$

Mass of the body, $m=5 kg$

The given situation can be represented as follows:

The resultant of two forces is given as:

$R=\sqrt{(8)^{2}+(-6)^{2}}=\sqrt{64+36}=10 N$

$\theta$ is the angle made by $R$ with the force of $8 N$

$\therefore \theta=\tan ^{-1}(\frac{-6}{8})=-36.87^{\circ}$

The negative sign indicates that $\theta$ is in the clockwise direction with respect to the force of magnitude $8 N$.

As per Newton’s second law of motion, the acceleration ( $a$ ) of the body is given as:

$F=m a$

$\therefore a=\frac{F}{m}=\frac{10}{5}=2 m / s^{2}$

Answer

Initial speed of the three-wheeler, $u=36 km / h$

Final speed of the three-wheeler, $v=10 m / s$

Time, $t=4 s$

Mass of the three-wheeler, $m=400 kg$

Mass of the driver, $m^{\prime}=65 kg$

Total mass of the system, $M=400+65=465 kg$

Using the first law of motion, the acceleration (a) of the three-wheeler can be calculated as:

$ \begin{aligned} & v=u+a t \\ & \therefore a=\frac{v-u}{t}=\frac{0-10}{4}=-2.5 m / s^{2} \end{aligned} $

The negative sign indicates that the velocity of the three-wheeler is decreasing with time.

Using Newton’s second law of motion, the net force acting on the three-wheeler can be calculated as:

$F=M a$

$=465 \times(-2.5)=-1162.5 N$

The negative sign indicates that the force is acting against the direction of motion of the three-wheeler.

Answer

Mass of the rocket, $m=20,000 kg$

Initial acceleration, $a=5 m / s^{2}$

Acceleration due to gravity, $g=10 m / s^{2}$

Using Newton’s second law of motion, the net force (thrust) acting on the rocket is given by the relation:

$ F-m g=m a $

$F=m(g+a)$

$=20000 \times(10+5)$

$=20000 \times 15=3 \times 10^{5} N$

Answer

Mass of the body, $m=0.40 kg$

Initial speed of the body, $u=10 m / s$ due north

Force acting on the body, $F=-8.0 N$

Acceleration produced in the body, $a=\frac{F}{m}=\frac{-8.0}{0.40}=-20 m / s^{2}$

$\underline{\text{ At } t=-5 S}$

Acceleration, $a^{\prime}=0$ and $u=10 m / s$

$ \begin{aligned} & s=u t+\frac{1}{2} a^{\prime} t^{2} \\ & =10 \times(-5)=-50 m \end{aligned} $

At $t=25 s$

Acceleration, $a^{\prime \prime}=-20 m / s^{2}$ and $u=10 m / s$

$ \begin{aligned} & s^{\prime}=u t^{\prime}+\frac{1}{2} a^{\prime \prime} t^{2} \\ & =10 \times 25+\frac{1}{2} \times(-20) \times(25)^{2} \\ & =250+6250=-6000 m \end{aligned} $

$\underline{\text{ At } t=100 s}$

For $0 \leq t \leq 30 s$

$ \begin{aligned} a & =-20 m / s^{2} \\ u & =10 m / s \\ s_1 & =u t+\frac{1}{2} a^{\prime \prime} t^{2} \\ & =10 \times 30+\frac{1}{2} \times(-20) \times(30)^{2} \\ & =300-9000 \\ = & -8700 m \end{aligned} $

For $30^{\prime}<t \leq 100 s$

As per the first equation of motion, for $t=30 s$, final velocity is given as:

$v=u+a t$

$=10+(-20) \times 30=-590 m / s$

Velocity of the body after $30 s=-590 m / s$

For motion between $30 s$ to $100 s$, i.e., in $70 s$ :

$s_2=v t+\frac{1}{2} a^{\prime \prime} t^{2}$

$=-590 \times 70=-41300 m$

$\therefore$ Total distance, $s^{\prime \prime} =s_1+s_2=-8700-41300=-50000 m$

Answer

(a) $22.36 m / s$, at an angle of $26.57^{\circ}$ with the motion of the truck

(b) $10 m / s^{2}$

Initial velocity of the truck, $u=0$

Acceleration, $a=2 m / s^{2}$

Time, $t=10 s$

As per the first equation of motion, final velocity is given as:

$v=u+a t$ $=0+2 \times 10=20 m / s$

The final velocity of the truck and hence, of the stone is $20 m / s$.

At $t=11 s$, the horizontal component $(v_x)$ of velocity, in the absence of air resistance, remains unchanged, i.e.,

$v_x=20 m / s$

The vertical component $(v_y)$ of velocity of the stone is given by the first equation of motion as:

$v_y=u+a_y \delta t$

Where, $\delta t=11-10=1 s$ and $a_y=g=10 m / s^{2}$

$\therefore v_y=0+10 \times 1=10 m / s$

The resultant velocity $(v)$ of the stone is given as:

$ \begin{aligned} v & =\sqrt{v_x^{2}+v_y^{2}} \\ & =\sqrt{20^{2}+10^{2}}=\sqrt{400+100} \\ & =\sqrt{500}=22.36 m / s \end{aligned} $

Let $\theta$ be the angle made by the resultant velocity with the horizontal component of velocity, $v_x$

$\therefore \tan \theta=(\frac{v_y}{v_x})$

$\theta=\tan ^{-1}(\frac{10}{20})$

$=\tan ^{-1}(0.5)$

$=26.57^{\circ}$

When the stone is dropped from the truck, the horizontal force acting on it becomes zero. However, the stone continues to move under the influence of gravity. Hence, the acceleration of the stone is $10 m / s^{2}$ and it acts vertically downward.

Answer

(a) Vertically downward

Parabolic path

At the extreme position, the velocity of the bob becomes zero. If the string is cut at this moment, then the bob will fall vertically on the ground.

(b) At the mean position, the velocity of the bob is $1 m / s$. The direction of this velocity is tangential to the arc formed by the oscillating bob. If the bob is cut at the mean position, then it will trace a projectile path having the horizontal component of velocity only. Hence, it will follow a parabolic path.

Answer

Mass of the man, $m=70 kg$

Acceleration, $a=0$

Using Newton’s second law of motion, we can write the equation of motion as:

$R-m g=m a$

Where, $m a$ is the net force acting on the man.

As the lift is moving at a uniform speed, acceleration $a=0$

$\therefore R=m g$

$=70 \times 10=700 N$

$\therefore$ Reading on the weighing scale $=\frac{700}{g}=\frac{700}{10}=70 kg$

Mass of the man, $m=70 kg$

Acceleration, $a=5 m / s^{2}$ downward

Using Newton’s second law of motion, we can write the equation of motion as:

$R+m g=m a$

$R=m(g-a)$

$=70(10-5)=70 \times 5$

$=350 N$

$\therefore$ Reading on the weighing scale $=\frac{\frac{350}{g}}{g}=\frac{350}{10}=35 kg$

Mass of the man, $m=70 kg$

Acceleration, $a=5 m / s^{2}$ upward

Using Newton’s second law of motion, we can write the equation of motion as: $R-m g=m a$

$R=m(g+a)$

$=70(10+5)=70 \times 15$

$=1050 N$

$\therefore$ Reading on the weighing scale $=\frac{1050}{g}=\frac{1050}{10}=105 kg$

When the lift moves freely under gravity, acceleration $a=g$

Using Newton’s second law of motion, we can write the equation of motion as:

$R+m g=m a$

$R=m(g-a)$

$=m(g-g)=0$

$\therefore$ Reading on the weighing scale $=$

$\underline{0}=0 kg$

The man will be in a state of weightlessness.

Answer

$\underline{\text{ For } t<0}$

It can be observed from the given graph that the position of the particle is coincident with the time axis. It indicates that the displacement of the particle in this time interval is zero. Hence, the force acting on the particle is zero.

For $t>4 s$

It can be observed from the given graph that the position of the particle is parallel to the time axis. It indicates that the particle is at rest at a distance of $3 m$ from the origin. Hence, no force is acting on the particle.

$\underline{\text{ For } 0<t<4}$

It can be observed that the given position-time graph has a constant slope. Hence, the acceleration produced in the particle is zero. Therefore, the force acting on the particle is zero.

$\underline{\text{ At } t=0}$

Impulse $=$ Change in momentum

$=m v-m u$

Mass of the particle, $m=4 kg$

Initial velocity of the particle, $u=0$

Final velocity of the particle, $\quad v=\frac{3}{4} m / s$

$\therefore$ Impulse $=4(\frac{3}{4}-0)=3 kg m / s$

$\underline{\text{ At } t=4 s}$

Initial velocity of the particle, $u=\frac{3}{4} m / s$

Final velocity of the particle, $v=0$

$\therefore$ Impulse $=4(0-\frac{3}{4})=-3 kg m / s$

Answer

Horizontal force, $F=600 N$

Mass of body A, $m_1=10 kg$

Mass of body B, $m_2=20 kg$

Total mass of the system, $m=m_1+m_2=30 kg$

Using Newton’s second law of motion, the acceleration (a) produced in the system can be calculated as:

$ \begin{aligned} & F=m a \\ & \therefore a=\frac{F}{m}=\frac{600}{30}=20 m / s^{2} \end{aligned} $

When force $F$ is applied on body A:

The equation of motion can be written as:

$ F-T=m_1 a $

$\therefore T=F-m_1 a$

$=600-10 \times 20=400 N$

When force $F$ is applied on body B:

The equation of motion can be written as:

$F-T=m_2 a$

$T=F-m_2 a$

$\therefore T=600-20 \times 20=200 N \ldots$ (ii)

Answer

The given system of two masses and a pulley can be represented as shown in the following figure:

Smaller mass, $m_1=8 kg$

Larger mass, $m_2=12 kg$

Tension in the string $=T$

Mass $m_2$, owing to its weight, moves downward with acceleration $a$, and mass $m_1$ moves upward.

Applying Newton’s second law of motion to the system of each mass:

For mass $m_1$ :

The equation of motion can be written as:

$T-m_1 g=m a \ldots(i)$

For mass $m_2$ :

The equation of motion can be written as:

$m_2 g-T=m_2 a\ldots(ii)$.

Adding equations ( $i$ ) and (ii), we get:

$$ \begin{align*} & (m_2-m_1) g=(m_1+m_2) a \\ & \therefore a=(\frac{m_2-m_1}{m_1+m_2}) g \tag{iii}\\ & =(\frac{12-8}{12+8}) \times 10=\frac{4}{20} \times 10=2 m / s^{2} \end{align*} $$

Therefore, the acceleration of the masses is $2 m / s^{2}$.

Substituting the value of $a$ in equation (ii), we get:

$$ \begin{aligned} & m_2 g-T=m_2(\frac{m_2-m_1}{m_1+m_2}) g \\ \\ & T=(m_2-\frac{m_2^{2}-m_1 m_2}{m_1+m_2}) g \\ \\ &=(\frac{2 m_1 m_2}{m_1+m_2}) g \\ \\ &=(\frac{2 \times 12 \times 8}{12+8}) \times 10 \\ \\ &=\frac{2 \times 12 \times 8}{20} \times 10=96 N \end{aligned} $$

Therefore, the tension in the string is $96 N$.

Answer

Let $m, m_1$, and $m_2$ be the respective masses of the parent nucleus and the two daughter nuclei. The parent nucleus is at rest.

Initial momentum of the system (parent nucleus) $=0$

Let $v_1$ and $v_2$ be the respective velocities of the daughter nuclei having masses $m_1$ and $m_2$.

Total linear momentum of the system after disintegration $=m_1 v_1+m_2 v_2$

According to the law of conservation of momentum:

Total initial momentum $=$ Total final momentum

$0=m_1 v_1+m_2+v_2$

$v_1=\frac{-m_2 v_2}{m_1}$

Here, the negative sign indicates that the fragments of the parent nucleus move in directions opposite to each other.

Answer

Mass of each ball $=0.05 kg$

Initial velocity of each ball $=6 m / s$

Magnitude of the initial momentum of each ball, $p_i=0.3 kg m / s$

After collision, the balls change their directions of motion without changing the magnitudes of their velocity.

Final momentum of each ball, $p_f=-0.3 kg m / s$

Impulse imparted to each ball $=$ Change in the momentum of the system

$=p_f-p_i$

$=-0.3-0.3=-0.6 kg m / s$

The negative sign indicates that the impulses imparted to the balls are opposite in direction.

Answer

Mass of the gun, $M=100 kg$

Mass of the shell, $m=0.020 kg$

Muzzle speed of the shell, $v=80 m / s$

Recoil speed of the gun $=V$

Both the gun and the shell are at rest initially.

Initial momentum of the system $=0$

Final momentum of the system $=m v-M V$

Here, the negative sign appears because the directions of the shell and the gun are opposite to each other.

According to the law of conservation of momentum:

Final momentum $=$ Initial momentum

$m v-M V=0$

$\therefore V=\frac{m v}{M}$

$ =\frac{0.020 \times 80}{100 \times 1000}=0.016 m / s $

Answer

The given situation can be represented as shown in the following figure.

Where,

$AO=$ Incident path of the ball

$OB=$ Path followed by the ball after deflection

$\angle AOB=$ Angle between the incident and deflected paths of the ball $=45^{\circ}$

$\angle AOP=\angle BOP=22.5^{\circ}=\theta$

Initial and final velocities of the ball $=v$

Horizontal component of the initial velocity $=v \cos \theta$ along RO

Vertical component of the initial velocity $=v \sin \theta$ along PO

Horizontal component of the final velocity $=v \cos \theta$ along OS

Vertical component of the final velocity $=v \sin \theta$ along OP

The horizontal components of velocities suffer no change. The vertical components of velocities are in the opposite directions.

$\therefore$ Impulse imparted to the ball $=$ Change in the linear momentum of the ball

$=m v \cos \theta-(-m v \cos \theta)$

$=2 m v \cos \theta$

Mass of the ball, $m=0.15 kg$

Velocity of the ball, $v=54 km / h=15 m / s$

$\therefore$ Impulse $=2 \times 0.15 \times 15 \cos 22.5^{\circ}=4.16 kg m / s$

Answer

Mass of the stone, $m=0.25 kg$

Radius of the circle, $r=1.5 m$

Number of revolution per second, $n=\frac{40}{60}=\frac{2}{3} rps$

Angular velocity, $\omega=\frac{v}{r}=2 \pi n \quad \quad \quad (i)$

The centripetal force for the stone is provided by the tension $T$, in the string, i.e.,

$ \begin{aligned} T & =F_{\text{Centripetal }} \\ & =\frac{m v^{2}}{r}=m r \omega^{2}=m r(2 \pi n)^{2} \\ & =0.25 \times 1.5 \times(2 \times 3.14 \times \frac{2}{3})^{2} \\ & =6.57 N \end{aligned} $

Maximum tension in the string, $T_{\max }=200 N$

$ \begin{aligned} & T_{\max }=\frac{m v_{\text{max }}^{2}}{r} \\ & \begin{aligned} \therefore v_{\max } & =\sqrt{\frac{T_{\max } \times r}{m}} \\ & =\sqrt{\frac{200 \times 1.5}{0.25}} \\ & =\sqrt{1200}=34.64 m / s \end{aligned} \end{aligned} $

Therefore, the maximum speed of the stone is $34.64 m / s$.

Answer

(b)

When the string breaks, the stone will move in the direction of the velocity at that instant. According to the first law of motion, the direction of velocity vector is tangential to the path of the stone at that instant. Hence, the stone will fly off tangentially from the instant the string breaks.

4.23 Explain why

(a) a horse cannot pull a cart and run in empty space,

(b) passengers are thrown forward from their seats when a speeding bus stops suddenly,

(c) it is easier to pull a lawn mower than to push it,

(d) a cricketer moves his hands backwards while holding a catch.

Answer

(a) In order to pull a cart, a horse pushes the ground backward with some force. The ground in turn exerts an equal and opposite reaction force upon the feet of the horse. This reaction force causes the horse to move forward.

An empty space is devoid of any such reaction force. Therefore, a horse cannot pull a cart and run in empty space.

(b) When a speeding bus stops suddenly, the lower portion of a passenger’s body, which is in contact with the seat, suddenly comes to rest. However, the upper portion tends to remain in motion (as per the first law of motion). As a result, the passenger’s upper body is thrown forward in the direction in which the bus was moving.

(c) While pulling a lawn mower, a force at an angle $\theta$ is applied on it, as shown in the following figure.

The vertical component of this applied force acts upward. This reduces the effective weight of the mower.

On the other hand, while pushing a lawn mower, a force at an angle $\theta$ is applied on it, as shown in the following figure.

In this case, the vertical component of the applied force acts in the direction of the weight of the mower. This increases the effective weight of the mower.

Since the effective weight of the lawn mower is lesser in the first case, pulling the lawn mower is easier than pushing it.

According to Newton’s second law of motion, we have the equation of motion:

$F=m a=m \frac{\Delta v}{\Delta t}$

Where,

$F=$ Stopping force experienced by the cricketer as he catches the ball

$m=$ Mass of the ball

$\Delta t=$ Time of impact of the ball with the hand

It can be inferred from equation $(i)$ that the impact force is inversely proportional to the impact time, i.e.,

$F \propto \frac{1}{\Delta t}$

Equation (ii) shows that the force experienced by the cricketer decreases if the time of impact increases and vice versa.

(d) While taking a catch, a cricketer moves his hand backward so as to increase the time of impact $(\Delta t)$. This is turn results in the decrease in the stopping force, thereby preventing the hands of the cricketer from getting hurt.