Answer

Kelvin and Celsius scales are related as:

$T_C=T_K-273.15 \ldots(i)$

Celsius and Fahrenheit scales are related as:

$ T_F=\frac{9}{5} T_C+32 \ldots(\text{ ii }) $

For neon:

$ \begin{aligned} & T_K=24.57 K \\ & \therefore T_C=24.57-273.15=-248.58^{\circ} C \\ & T_F=\frac{9}{5} T_C+32 \\ & \quad=\frac{9}{5}(-248.58)+32 \\ & \quad=415.44^{\circ} F \end{aligned} $

For carbon dioxide:

$T_K=216.55 K$

$\therefore T_C=216.55-273.15=-56.60^{\circ} C$

$ \begin{aligned} T_F & =\frac{9}{5}(T_C)+32 \\ & =\frac{9}{5}(-56.60)+32 \\ & =-69.88^{\circ} C \end{aligned} $

Answer

Triple point of water on absolute scaleA, $T_1=200 A$

Triple point of water on absolute scale B, $T_2=350 B$

Triple point of water on Kelvin scale, $T_K=273.15 K$

The temperature $273.15 K$ on Kelvin scale is equivalent to $200 A$ on absolute scale A.

$T_1=T_K$

$200 A=273.15 K$

$\therefore A=\frac{273.15}{200}$

The temperature $273.15 K$ on Kelvin scale is equivalent to $350 B$ on absolute scale B.

$ T_2=T_K $

$350 B=273.15$

$\therefore B=\frac{273.15}{350}$ $T_A$ is triple point of water on scale A.

$T_B$ is triple point of water on scale B.

$\therefore \frac{273.15}{200} \times T_A=\frac{273.15}{350} \times T_B$

$T_A=\frac{200}{350} T_B$

Therefore, the ratio $T_A: T_B$ is given as $4: 7$.

Answer

It is given that:

$R=R_0[1+\alpha(T-T_0)] \ldots(i)$

Where,

$R_0$ and $T_0$ are the initial resistance and temperature respectively

$R$ and $T$ are the final resistance and temperature respectively

$\alpha$ is a constant

At the triple point of water, $T_0=273.15 K$

Resistance of lead, $R_0=101.6 \Omega$

At normal melting point of lead, $T=600.5 K$

Resistance of lead, $R=165.5 \Omega$

Substituting these values in equation $(i)$, we get:

$R=R_0[1+\alpha(T-T_0)]$

$165.5=101.6[1+\alpha(600.5-273.15)]$

$1.629=1+\alpha(327.35)$

$\therefore \alpha=\frac{0.629}{327.35}=1.92 \times 10^{-3} K^{-1}$

For resistance, $R_1=123.4 \Omega$

$R_1=R_0[1+\alpha(T-T_0)]$

Where, $T$ is the temperature when the resis tan ce of lead is $123.4 \Omega$

$123.4=101.6[1+1.92 \times 10^{-3}(T-273.15)]$

$1.214=1+1.92 \times 10^{-3}(T-273.15)$

$\frac{0.214}{1.92 \times 10^{-3}}=T-273.15$

$\therefore T=384.61 K$

Answer

(a) The triple point of water has a unique value of $273.16 K$. At particular values of volume and pressure, the triple point of water is always $273.16 K$. The melting point of ice and boiling point of water do not have particular values because these points depend on pressure and temperature.

(b) The absolute zero or $0 K$ is the other fixed point on the Kelvin absolute scale.

(c) The temperature $273.16 K$ is the triple point of water. It is not the melting point of ice. The temperature $0^{\circ} C$ on Celsius scale is the melting point of ice. Its corresponding value on Kelvin scale is $273.15 K$.

Hence, absolute temperature (Kelvin scale) $T$, is related to temperature $t_c$, on Celsius scale as:

$t_c=T-273.15$

Let $T_F$ be the temperature on Fahrenheit scale and $T_K$ be the temperature on absolute scale. Both the temperatures can be related as:

$$ \begin{equation*} \frac{T_F-32}{180}=\frac{T_K-273.15}{100} \tag{i} \end{equation*} $$

(d) Let $T_{F 1}$ be the temperature on Fahrenheit scale and $T_{K 1}$ be the temperature on absolute scale. Both the temperatures can be related as:

$$ \begin{equation*} \frac{T_{FI}-32}{180}=\frac{T _{KI}-273.15}{100} \tag{ii} \end{equation*} $$

It is given that: $T_{K 1}-T_K=1 K$

Subtracting equation (i) from equation (ii), we get:

$$ \begin{aligned} & \frac{T_{FI}-T_F}{180}=\frac{T_{KI}-T_K}{100}=\frac{1}{100} \\ & T_{Fl}-T_F=\frac{1 \times 180}{100}=\frac{9}{5} \end{aligned} $$

Triple point of water $=273.16 K$

$\therefore$ Triple point of water on absolute scale $=273.16 \times \frac{9}{5}=491.69$

Answer

(a) Triple point of water, $T=273.16 K$.

At this temperature, pressure in thermometer A, $P_A=1.250 \times 10^{5} Pa$

Let $T_1$ be the normal melting point of sulphur.

At this temperature, pressure in thermometer A, $P_1=1.797 \times 10^{5} Pa$

According to Charles’ law, we have the relation:

$ \begin{aligned} & \frac{P_A}{T}=\frac{P_1}{T_1} \\ & \therefore T_1=\frac{P_1 T}{P_A}=\frac{1.797 \times 10^{5} \times 273.16}{1.250 \times 10^{5}} \end{aligned} $

$=392.69 K$

Therefore, the absolute temperature of the normal melting point of sulphur as read by thermometer A is $392.69 K$.

At triple point $273.16 K$, the pressure in thermometer $B, P_B=0.200 \times 10^{5} Pa$

At temperature $T_1$, the pressure in thermometer $B, P_2=0.287 \times 10^{5} Pa$

According to Charles’ law, we can write the relation:

$ \begin{aligned} & \frac{P_B}{T}=\frac{P_1}{T_1} \\ & \frac{0.200 \times 10^{5}}{273.16}=\frac{0.287 \times 10^{5}}{T_1} \\ & \therefore T_1=\frac{0.287 \times 10^{5}}{0.200 \times 10^{5}} \times 273.16=391.98 K \end{aligned} $

Therefore, the absolute temperature of the normal melting point of sulphur as read by thermometer B is $391.98 K$.

(b) The oxygen and hydrogen gas present in thermometers A and B respectively are not perfect ideal gases. Hence, there is a slight difference between the readings of thermometers A and B.

To reduce the discrepancy between the two readings, the experiment should be carried under low pressure conditions. At low pressure, these gases behave as perfect ideal gases.

Answer

Length of the steel tape at temperature $T=27^{\circ} C, l=1 m=100 cm$

At temperature $T_1=45^{\circ} C$, the length of the steel rod, $l_1=63 cm$

Coefficient of linear expansion of steel, $\alpha=1.20 \times 10^{-5} K^{-1}$

Let $l_2$ be the actual length of the steel rod and $l^{\prime}$ be the length of the steel tape at $45^{\circ} C$.

$ \begin{aligned} & l^{\prime}=l+\alpha l(T_1-T) \\ & \therefore l^{\prime}=100+1.20 \times 10^{-5} \times 100(45-27) \\ & =100.0216 cm \end{aligned} $

Hence, the actual length of the steel rod measured by the steel tape at $45^{\circ} C$ can be calculated as:

$ l_2=\frac{100.0216}{100} \times 63=63.0136 cm $

Therefore, the actual length of the rod at $45.0^{\circ} C$ is $63.0136 cm$. Its length at $27.0^{\circ} C$ is $63.0 cm$.

Answer

The given temperature, $T=27^{\circ} C$ can be written in Kelvin as:

$27+273=300 K$

Outer diameter of the steel shaft at $T, d_1=8.70 cm$

Diameter of the central hole in the wheel at $T, d_2=8.69 cm$

Coefficient of linear expansion of steel, $\alpha _{\text{steel }}=1.20 \times 10^{-5} K^{-1}$

After the shaft is cooled using ‘dry ice’, its temperature becomes $T_1$.

The wheel will slip on the shaft, if the change in diameter, $\Delta d=8.69-8.70$

$=-0.01 cm$

Temperature $T_1$, can be calculated from the relation:

$\Delta d=d_1 \alpha _{\text{steel }}(T_1-T)$

$=8.70 \times 1.20 \times 10^{-5}(T_1-300)$

$(T_1-300)=95.78$

$\therefore T_1=204.21 K$

$=204.21-273.16$

$=-68.95^{\circ} C$

Therefore, the wheel will slip on the shaft when the temperature of the shaft is $-69^{\circ} C$.

Answer

Initial temperature, $T_1=27.0^{\circ} C$

Diameter of the hole at $T_1, d_1=4.24 cm$

Final temperature, $T_2=227^{\circ} C$

Diameter of the hole at $T_2=d_2$

Co-efficient of linear expansion of copper, $\alpha _{Cu}=1.70 \times 10^{-5} K^{-1}$

For co-efficient of superficial expansion $\beta$, and change in temperature $\Delta T$, we have the relation:

$\frac{\text{ Change in area }(\Delta A)}{\text{ Original area }(A)}=\beta \Delta T$

$\frac{(\pi \frac{d_2^{2}}{4}-\pi \frac{d_1^{2}}{4})}{(\pi \frac{d_1^{2}}{4})}=\frac{\Delta A}{A}$

$\therefore \frac{\Delta A}{A}=\frac{d_2^{2}-d_1^{2}}{d_1^{2}}$

But $\beta=2 \alpha$

$\therefore \frac{d_2^{2}-d_1^{2}}{d_1^{2}}=2 \alpha \Delta T$

$\frac{d_2^{2}}{d_1^{2}}-1=2 \alpha(T_2-T_1)$

$\frac{d_2^{2}}{(4.24)^{2}}=2 \times 1.7 \times 10^{-5}(227-27)+1$

$d_2^{2}=17.98 \times 1.0068=18.1$

$\therefore d_2=4.2544 cm$

Change in diameter $=d_2-d_1=4.2544-4.24=0.0144 cm$

Hence, the diameter increases by $1.44 \times 10^{-2} cm$.

Answer

Initial temperature, $T_1=27^{\circ} C$

Length of the brass wire at $T_1, l=1.8 m$

Final temperature, $T_2=-39^{\circ} C$

Diameter of the wire, $d=2.0 mm=2 \times 10^{-3} m$

Tension developed in the wire $=F$

Coefficient of linear expansion of brass, $\alpha=2.0 \times 10^{-5} K^{-1}$

Young’s modulus of brass, $Y=0.91 \times 10^{11} Pa$

Young’s modulus is given by the relation:

$$ \begin{align*} & Y=\frac{\text{ Stress }}{\text{ Strain }}=\frac{\frac{F}{A}}{\frac{\Delta L}{L}} \\ & \Delta L=\frac{F \times L}{A \times Y} \tag{i} \end{align*} $$

Where,

$F=$ Tension developed in the wire

$A=$ Area of cross-section of the wire.

$\Delta L=$ Change in the length, given by the relation:

$\Delta L=\alpha L(T_2-T_1)$.

Equating equations ( $i$ ) and (ii), we get:

$ \begin{aligned} & \alpha L(T_2-T_1)=\frac{F L}{\pi(\frac{d}{2})^{2} \times Y} \\ & F=\alpha(T_2-T_1) \pi Y(\frac{d}{2})^{2} \\ & F=2 \times 10^{-5} \times(-39-27) \times 3.14 \times 0.91 \times 10^{11} \times(\frac{2 \times 10^{-3}}{2})^{2} \\ & \quad=-3.8 \times 10^{2} N \end{aligned} $

(The negative sign indicates that the tension is directed inward.)

Hence, the tension developed in the wire is $3.8 \times 10^{2} N$.

Answer

Initial temperature, $T_1=40^{\circ} C$

Final temperature, $T_2=250^{\circ} C$

Change in temperature, $\Delta T=T_2-T_1=210^{\circ} C$

Length of the brass rod at $T_1, l_1=50 cm$

Diameter of the brass rod at $T_1, d_1=3.0 mm$

Length of the steel rod at $T_2, l_2=50 cm$

Diameter of the steel rod at $T_2, d_2=3.0 mm$

Coefficient of linear expansion of brass, $\alpha_1=2.0 \times 10^{-5} K^{-1}$

Coefficient of linear expansion of steel, $\alpha_2=1.2 \times 10^{-5} K^{-1}$

For the expansion in the brass rod, we have:

$ \begin{aligned} & \frac{\text{ Change in length }(\Delta l_1)}{\text{ Original length }(l_1)}=\alpha_1 \Delta T \\ & \begin{aligned} \therefore \Delta l_1 & =50 \times(2.1 \times 10^{-5}) \times 210 \\ & =0.2205 cm \end{aligned} \end{aligned} $

For the expansion in the steel rod, we have:

$ \begin{aligned} & \frac{\text{ Change in length }(\Delta l_2)}{\text{ Original length }(l_2)}=\alpha_2 \Delta T \\ \\ & \begin{aligned} \therefore \Delta l_2 & =50 \times(1.2 \times 10^{-5}) \times 210 \\ \\ & =0.126 cm \end{aligned} \end{aligned} $

Total change in the lengths of brass and steel,

$\Delta l=\Delta l_1+\Delta l_2$

$=0.2205+0.126$

$=0.346 cm$

Total change in the length of the combined rod $=0.346 cm$

Since the rod expands freely from both ends, no thermal stress is developed at the junction.

Answer

Coefficient of volume expansion of glycerin, $\alpha_V=49 \times 10^{-5} K^{-1}$

Rise in temperature, $\Delta T=30^{\circ} C$

Fractional change in its volume $=\frac{\Delta V}{V}$

This change is related with the change in temperature as:

$ \begin{aligned} & \frac{\Delta V}{V}=\alpha_V \Delta T \\ & V_{T_2}-V_{T_1}=V_{T_1} \alpha_V \Delta T \\ & \frac{m}{\rho_{T_2}}-\frac{m}{\rho_{T_1}}=\frac{m}{\rho_{T_1}} \alpha_V \Delta T \end{aligned} $

Where,

$m=$ Mass of glycerine

$\rho_{T_1}=$ Initial density at $T_1$

$\rho_{T_2}=$ Final density at $T_2$

$\frac{\rho_{T_1}-\rho_{T_2}}{\rho_{T_2}}=\alpha_V \Delta T$

Where,

$ \frac{\rho_{T_1}-\rho_{T_2}}{\rho_{T_2}}=\text{ Fractional change in density } $

$\therefore$ Fractional change in the density of glycerin $=49 \times 10^{-5} \times 30=1.47 \times 10^{-2}$

Answer

Power of the drilling machine, $P=10 kW=10 \times 10^{3} W$

Mass of the aluminum block, $m=8.0 kg=8 \times 10^{3} g$

Time for which the machine is used, $t=2.5 min=2.5 \times 60=150 s$

Specific heat of aluminium, $c=0.91 J g^{-1} K^{-1}$

Rise in the temperature of the block after drilling $=\delta T$

Total energy of the drilling machine $=P t$

$=10 \times 10^{3} \times 150$

$=1.5 \times 10^{6} J$

It is given that only $50 \%$ of the power is useful.

Useful energy, $\Delta Q=\frac{50}{100} \times 1.5 \times 10^{6}=7.5 \times 10^{5} J$

But $\Delta Q=m c \Delta T$

$\therefore \Delta T=\frac{\Delta Q}{m c}$

$=\frac{7.5 \times 10^{5}}{8 \times 10^{3} \times 0.91}$

$=103^{\circ} C$

Therefore, in 2.5 minutes of drilling, the rise in the temperature of the block is $103^{\circ} C$.

Answer

Mass of the copper block, $m=2.5 kg=2500 g$

Rise in the temperature of the copper block, $\Delta \theta=500^{\circ} C$

Specific heat of copper, $C=0.39 J g^{-1}{ }^{\circ} C^{-1}$

Heat of fusion of water, $L=335 J g^{-1}$

The maximum heat the copper block can lose, $Q=m C \Delta \theta$

$=2500 \times 0.39 \times 500$

$=487500 J$

Let $m_1 g$ be the amount of ice that melts when the copper block is placed on the ice block.

The heat gained by the melted ice, $Q=m_1 L$

$\therefore m_1=\frac{Q}{L}=\frac{487500}{335}=1455.22 g$

Hence, the maximum amount of ice that can melt is $1.45 kg$.

Answer

Mass of the metal, $m=0.20 kg=200 g$

Initial temperature of the metal, $T_1=150^{\circ} C$

Final temperature of the metal, $T_2=40^{\circ} C$

Calorimeter has water equivalent of mass, $m^{\prime}=0.025 kg=25 g$

Volume of water, $V=150 cm^{3}$

Mass $(M)$ of water at temperature $T=27^{\circ} C$ :

$150 \times 1=150 g$

Fall in the temperature of the metal:

$\Delta T=T_1-T_2=150-40=110^{\circ} C$

Specific heat of water, $C_w=4.186 J / g /{ }^{\circ} K$

Specific heat of the metal $=C$

Heat lost by the metal, $\theta=m C \Delta T \ldots(i)$

Rise in the temperature of the water and calorimeter system:

$\Delta T^{\prime}=40-27=13^{\circ} C$

Heat gained by the water and calorimeter system:

$\Delta \theta^{\prime \prime}=m_1 C_w \Delta T^{\prime}$

$=(M+m^{\prime}) C_w \Delta T^{\prime}$.

Heat lost by the metal = Heat gained by the water and colorimeter system

$m C \Delta T=(M+m^{\prime}) C_w \Delta T^{\prime}$

$200 \times C \times 110=(150+25) \times 4.186 \times 13$

$\therefore C=\frac{175 \times 4.186 \times 13}{110 \times 200}=0.43 J g^{-1} K^{-1}$

If some heat is lost to the surroundings, then the value of $C$ will be smaller than the actual value.

Answer

The gases listed in the given table are diatomic. Besides the translational degree of freedom, they have other degrees of freedom (modes of motion).

Heat must be supplied to increase the temperature of these gases. This increases the average energy of all the modes of motion. Hence, the molar specific heat of diatomic gases is more than that of monatomic gases.

If only rotational mode of motion is considered, then the molar specific heat of a diatomic gas $=\frac{5}{2} R$ $=\frac{5}{2} \times 1.98=4.95 cal mol^{-1} K^{-1}$

With the exception of chlorine, all the observations in the given table agree with $(\frac{5}{2} R)$.

This is because at room temperature, chlorine also has vibrational modes of motion besides rotational and translational modes of motion.

Answer

Initial temperature of the body of the child, $T_1=101^{\circ} F$

Final temperature of the body of the child, $T_2=98^{\circ} F$

Change in temperature, $\Delta T=[(101-98) \times \frac{5}{9}]^{\circ} C$

Time taken to reduce the temperature, $t=20 min$

Mass of the child, $m=30 kg=30 \times 10^{3} g$

Specific heat of the human body $=$ Specific heat of water $=c$

$=1000 cal / kg /{ }^{\circ} C$

Latent heat of evaporation of water, $L=580 cal g^{-1}$

The heat lost by the child is given as:

$ \begin{aligned} & \Delta \theta=m c \Delta T \\ & =30 \times 1000 \times(101-98) \times \frac{5}{9} \\ & =50000 cal \end{aligned} $

Let $m_1$ be the mass of the water evaporated from the child’s body in $20 min$.

Loss of heat through water is given by:

$ \begin{aligned} \Delta \theta & =m_1 L \\ \therefore m_1 & =\frac{\Delta \theta}{L} \\ & =\frac{50000}{580}=86.2 g \end{aligned} $

$\therefore$ Average rate of extra evaporation caused by the drug $=\frac{m_1}{t}$

$=\frac{86.2}{200}=4.3 g / min$

Answer

Side of the given cubical ice box, $s=30 cm=0.3 m$

Thickness of the ice box, $l=5.0 cm=0.05 m$

Mass of ice kept in the ice box, $m=4 kg$

Time gap, $t=6 h=6 \times 60 \times 60 s$

Outside temperature, $T=45^{\circ} C$

Coefficient of thermal conductivity of thermacole, $K=0.01 J s^{-1} m^{-1} K^{-1}$

Heat of fusion of water, $L=335 \times 10^{3} J kg^{-1}$

Let $m$ ’ be the total amount of ice that melts in $6 h$.

The amount of heat lost by the food:

$\theta=\frac{K A(T-0) t}{l}$

Where,

$A=$ Surface area of the box $=6 s^{2}=6 \times(0.3)^{2}=0.54 m^{3}$

$ \theta=\frac{0.01 \times 0.54 \times(45) \times 6 \times 60 \times 60}{0.05}=104976 J $

But $\theta=m^{\prime} L$

$\therefore m^{\prime}=\frac{\theta}{L}$

$ =\frac{104976}{335 \times 10^{3}}=0.313 kg $

Mass of ice left $=4-0.313=3.687 kg$

Hence, the amount of ice remaining after $6 h$ is $3.687 kg$.

Answer

Base area of the boiler, $A=0.15 m^{2}$

Thickness of the boiler, $l=1.0 cm=0.01 m$

Boiling rate of water, $R=6.0 kg / min$

Mass, $m=6 kg$

Time, $t=1 min=60 s$

Thermal conductivity of brass, $K=109 J s^{-1} m^{-1} K^{-1}$

Heat of vaporisation, $L=2256 \times 10^{3} J kg^{-1}$

The amount of heat flowing into water through the brass base of the boiler is given by: $\theta=\frac{K A(T_1-T_2) t}{l}$

Where,

$T_1=$ Temperature of the flame in contact with the boiler

$T_2=$ Boiling point of water $=100^{\circ} C$

Heat required for boiling the water:

$\theta=m L \ldots(i i)$

Equating equations ( $i$ ) and (ii), we get:

$\therefore m L=\frac{K A(T_1-T_2) t}{l}$

$T_1-T_2=\frac{m L l}{K A t}$

$=\frac{6 \times 2256 \times 10^{3} \times 0.01}{109 \times 0.15 \times 60}$

$=137.98^{\circ} C$

Therefore, the temperature of the part of the flame in contact with the boiler is $237.98^{\circ} C$.

Answer

(a) A body with a large reflectivity is a poor absorber of light radiations. A poor absorber will in turn be a poor emitter of radiations. Hence, a body with a large reflectivity is a poor emitter.

(b) Brass is a good conductor of heat. When one touches a brass tumbler, heat is conducted from the body to the brass tumbler easily. Hence, the temperature of the body reduces to a lower value and one feels cooler.

Wood is a poor conductor of heat. When one touches a wooden tray, very little heat is conducted from the body to the wooden tray. Hence, there is only a negligible drop in the temperature of the body and one does not feel cool.

Thus, a brass tumbler feels colder than a wooden tray on a chilly day.

(c) An optical pyrometer calibrated for an ideal black body radiation gives too low a value for temperature of a red hot iron piece kept in the open.

Black body radiation equation is given by:

$E=\sigma(T^{4}-T_0^{4})$

Where,

$E=$ Energy radiation

$T=$ Temperature of optical pyrometer

$T_o=$ Temperature of open space

$\sigma=$ Constant

Hence, an increase in the temperature of open space reduces the radiation energy.

When the same piece of iron is placed in a furnace, the radiation energy, $E=\sigma T^{4}$

(d) Without its atmosphere, earth would be inhospitably cold. In the absence of atmospheric gases, no extra heat will be trapped. All the heat would be radiated back from earth’s surface.

(e) A heating system based on the circulation of steam is more efficient in warming a building than that based on the circulation of hot water. This is because steam contains surplus heat in the form of latent heat $(540 cal / g)$.

Answer

According to Newton’s law of cooling, we have:

$$ \begin{gather*} -\frac{d T}{d t}=K(T-T_0) \\ \frac{d T}{K(T-T_0)}=-K d t \tag{i} \end{gather*} $$

Where,

Temperature of the body $=T$

Temperature of the surroundings $=T_0=20^{\circ} C$

$K$ is a constant

Temperature of the body falls from $80^{\circ} C$ to $50^{\circ} C$ in time, $t=5 min=300 s$

Integrating equation $(i)$, we get:

$$ \begin{align*} & \int_50^{80} \frac{d T}{K(T-T_0)}=-\int_0^{300} K d t \\ \\ & {[\log_{e}(T-T_0)] _50^{80}=-K[t]_0^{300}} \end{align*} $$

$$ \frac{2.3026}{K} \log_{10} \frac{80-20}{50-20}=-300 $$

$$ \begin{align*} & \frac{2.3026}{K} \log_{10} 2=-300 \\ \end{align*} $$

$$ \begin{align*} & \frac{-2.3026}{300} \log_{10} 2=K \tag{ii} \end{align*} $$

The temperature of the body falls from $60^{\circ} C$ to $30^{\circ} C$ in time $=t$

Hence, we get:

$$ \begin{align*} & \frac{2.3026}{K} \log_{10} \frac{60-20}{30-20}=-t \\ & \frac{-2.3026}{t} \log_{10} 4=K \tag{iii} \end{align*} $$

Equating equations (ii) and (iii), we get:

$ \begin{aligned} & \frac{-2.3026}{t^{\prime}} \log_{10} 4=\frac{-2.3026}{300} \log_{10} 2 \\ \\ & \therefore t^{\prime}=300 \times 2=600 s=10 min \end{aligned} $

Therefore, the time taken to cool the body from $60^{\circ} C$ to $30^{\circ} C$ is 10 minutes.